Prentice Hall Biology Chap. 12 Overview Questions.
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margypatrick on June 3, 2012
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a[n] gene[s] from another strain of bacteria. |
| pyrimidines | cytosine and thymine |
| what makes up nucleotides? | 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group |
| What are 4 nitrogenous bases? | cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine |
| What is DNA made up of? | Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Guanine |
| How does DNA replicate? | the DNA molecule separates into two strands and then produces two complimentary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for the new strand. |
| transcription | RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA |
| How is RNA editted? | Eukaryotic DNA contains sequences of nucleotides not involved in protein coding- introns. Coding sequence is exons. when RNA is formed both introns and exons are copied from the DNA |
| How is DNA molecule related to chromosome structure? | Eukaryotic DNA is usually found in the nucleus in the form of chromosomes. |
| How is RNA different from DNA? | The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA is generally single-stranded (as opposed to DNA which is double-stranded), and RNA contains uracil on place of thymine. |
| What is the genetic code? | the language of the mRNA instructions. its read three letters at a time, so that each word of the coded message is three bases long. these three letter words are known as codons, which specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide. |
| what is translation? | the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins. |
| What is the first step in the process of Translation? | before it begins, mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and releases into the cytoplasm. |
| what is the second step in the process of translation? | it starts at the AUG codon, and each tRNA has an anticodon whose bases are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand. the ribosome positions on the start codon to attract its anticodon, which is the part of the tRNA that binds methionine. the ribosome also binds the next codon and its anticodon. |
| what is the third step in the process of translation? | the ribosome joins the two amino acids- methionine and phenylalanine- and breaks the bond betwen methionine and its tRNA. The tRNA floats away from the ribosome, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA. the ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules and amino acids. |
| what is the fourth step in the process of translation? | the process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. the result is a complete polypeptide. |
| How are genes and proteins related? | genes contain instructions for assembling proteins. |
| How are chromosomal mutations and genes mutations different? | gene mutations are mutations that produce changes in a single gene. chromosomal mutations are mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes. |
| How are lac genes turned off and on? | turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose. |
| How are most eukaryotic genes controlled? | controlled individually and have regulatory sequences that are much more complex than those of the lac operon. |
| How is gene regulation related to development? | a series of genes, known as hox genes control the differentiation of celless and tissues in the embryo. a mutation in one of these master control genes can completely change the organs that develop in specific parts of the body. |
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