Psychology Exam I
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Created by:
CollegeGirl101 on October 8, 2009
Subjects:
history of psych/research methods
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83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 William James | Founder of American Psychology |
| Psychology | study of the mind and brain |
| Mysterians | believe that certain deep questions regarding human nature are so difficult that they are beyond our ability to comprehend |
| Meehl's Maxim | the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior |
| Multicollinearity | the overlap among different causes of behavior |
| Reflexivity | trying to use the brain to understand itself |
| Reactivity | people act differently when they know they are subjects of research |
| Psychoanalysis Founder | Sigmund Freud |
| Sigmund Freud/ psychoanalysis | believe we are motivated by our subconscious motives and instincts |
| Psychoanalysis was introduced during ________ | WWII |
| Functionalism Founder | Charles Darwin |
| Functionalism | believe behavior evolves in order to survive and thrive |
| Behaviorist Founder | BF Skinner/ John Watson |
| Behaviorism | Focuses on manipulation of behavior, believes behavior influenced by environment |
| Cognition Founder | Jean Piaget |
| Cognition | believe our thinking influences our behavior, focuses on mental processes |
| 1st woman Psychologist | Margaret Washburn, 1894 |
| 1st Minority Psychologist | Francis Sumner, 1920 |
| Kenneth and Mamie Clark | Black doll/White doll study, focus on culture and society |
| Because psychology uses the ______________________ it is a science | scientific method |
| Structuralism | identifies the basic elements of psychological experience |
| Structuralism founder | William Wundt |
| BioPsychSocial Approach | all integrated to study behavior |
| Resilience | study of people born in terrible conditions, who survive and thrive |
| Resilience founder | Martin Seligman |
| Nature vs Nurture | Are we a product of our environment (nurture) or our genes (nature) |
| Basic Research | examines how the mind works, study one topic for the sake of learning |
| Applied Research | Attempting to solve a real world problem |
| Self Help Movement People | Dr Phil, Oprah |
| Free Will vs Determinism | Are we really free to do what we want, or are subconsciously influenced by our environment |
| Mind Body Debate | Are our behaviors strictly due the nervous system and brain, or are they influenced by a non-material entity like the soul |
| Extraordinary Claims | the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more persuasive evidence for this claim is needed before it is accepted |
| Extraordinary Claim Example | Lobotomy cures brain disease, BigFoot, Aliens |
| Falsifiability | Claims must be capable of being disproved |
| Falsifiability Example | whether or not the soul exists |
| Occam's Razor | if multiple hypothesis explain an observation, it is usually the simpler one that is correct |
| Replicability | a study and it's findings need to be able to be duplicated |
| Replicability example | If I think eating chocolate cake before an exam makes people score better, but no one else can duplicate this finding, then it is a skeptical finding |
| Occam's Razor example | If the light doesn't turn on when the switch is flipped, it is probably because the light bulb burned out, not because there is an electric shortage in the wall |
| Ruling Out Rival Hypothesis | There is a need for more research if several hypothesis produce the same findings |
| Ruling Out Rival Hypothesis Example | If one dog food enhances performance in a dog race, we should do more research to be sure the results aren't due to better training |
| Correlation vs Causation | just because two things are related, does not mean that one causes the other |
| Correlation vs Causation example | Results showing that people who exercise score better on exams could also be due to the fact that these people study while they walk on the treadmill |
| Scientific Method | State problem, Form hypothesis, Collect data, Analyze Data, Conclusion |
| Methods of Data Collection | Observation, Case Study, Self Report, Testing Method |
| Correlation | Relationship between naturally occurring variables |
| Independent variable | the variable being manipulated in an experiment |
| Dependent variable | the variable being measured |
| Observation | watching and recording what behaviors you see |
| Case Study | examines one particular occurrence in detail |
| Self Report Measures | surveys given to subjects that they can answer briefly |
| Testing Methods | Standardized test |
| Observation Example | classroom behavior in children |
| Case Study Example | One person who experience severe depression |
| Self Report Method Example | Survey about cereal preference |
| Testing Method Example | IQ, ACT, SAT |
| Pros of Self Report Test | easy, fast |
| Cons of Self Report Test | dishonesty, malingering, wording, order |
| external validity | how much the experiment imitates the real world |
| internal validity | how much control over variables there is in an experiment |
| random assignment | experimenter randomly assigns each subject to a control or experimental group |
| experimental group | group that receives the manipulation |
| control group | group that does not receive the manipulation |
| confounding variable | any difference between the experimental and control group other than the independent variable |
| Placebo effect | improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
| Nocebo effect | harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm |
| Experimenter expectancy effect | researchers unintentionally bias the outcome of the study, based on their hypothesis |
| experimenter expectancy effect is also known as _______ | Rosenthal effect |
| double blind | neither researchers nor participants know who is in what group |
| Hawthorne Effect | also known as reactivity |
| random selection | every person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
| reliability | consistency of measurement |
| validity | the extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure |
| IRB | Institutional Review Board |
| informed consent | researchers must tell participants the basics of the study before they can participate |
| debriefing | researchers inform subjects of what the study is about |
| central tendency | where the group of data clusters |
| range | difference between the highest and lowest scores |
| median | middle score in data set |
| mode | most frequent observation |
| mean | average of all numbers in data set |
| dispersion | how tightly or loosely clustered the data set is |
| inferential statistics | determines whether we can generalize findings from the study |
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