Module 4
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Created by:
chlorinegirl753 on June 4, 2012
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98 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 albinism | absence of pigmentation in skin |
| alopecia | significant hair loss |
| atrophy | loss of thickness in the skin |
| beau's lines | transverse depressions of all nails that appear at the base of the lunula weeks after a stressful event |
| Braden Scale | scale to evaluate risk for pressure ulcers |
| bulla | larger than 1 cm, fluid, thin walled, in epidermis |
| chloasma | mask of pregnancy; an irregular brown patch of hyperpigmentation on the face. It may occur with pregnancy or in women taking oral contraceptive pills |
| clubbing | occurs with congenital cyanotic heart disease and neoplastic and pulmonary diseases.In early clubbing, the angle straightens out to 180 degrees and the nail base feels spongy to palpation. Then the nail becomes more convex as the digit grow |
| crusting | thickened, dried exudate |
| cyanosis | blue tint of skin in extremities, mouth, nails because of lack of oxygen; check under tongue, buccal mucosa, conjunctiva, and sclera for darker skin persons |
| cyst | fluid-filled deep in dermis or subcutaneous layer, very elevated |
| ecchymosis | purple patch, bruise, greater than 3 mm |
| erosion | scooped out but shallow; moist no bleeding; epidermal only |
| erythema | redness; maybe dark purplish or unseen in darker skin persons-check for warmth and tightness |
| excoriation | self-inflicted abrasion; (like scratching from itching) |
| fissure | crack in the skin into dermis |
| hematoma | bruise that is elevated and swelling |
| hirsutism | excess body hair. In females, this forms a male pattern on the face and chest and indicates endocrine abnormalities |
| jaudice | yellowing of the skin or sclera; check under tongue, buccal mucosa, conjunctiva, and sclera for darker skin persons |
| impetigo | many vesicles, most thin roofed; contagious |
| keloid | hypertrophic scar |
| lichenification | prolonged scratching thickens skin; surface like moss |
| linea nigra | a brownish black line down the midline |
| macule | color change, flat, less than 1 cm |
| melanocytes | pigment producing cells in the basal layer |
| Seborrheic keratosis | looks dark, greasy, and "stuck on." "Barcules of Aging" They develop mostly on the trunk but also on the face and hands and on unexposed as well as on sun-exposed areas. Not cancerous. |
| actinic keratosis | (senile or solar) is less common. These lesions are red-tan scaly plaques that increase over the years to become raised and roughened. They may have a silvery-white scale adherent to the plaque. PRECANCER |
| keratoses | These lesions are raised, thickened areas of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, and warty. |
| Senile Lentigines | Commonly called liver spots, these are small, flat, brown macules; normal |
| Striae gravidarum | are jagged linear "stretch marks" of silver to pink color that appear during the second trimester on the abdomen, breasts, and sometimes thighs |
| Mongolian spots | a common normal variation of hyperpigmentation in Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic newborns (Fig. 12-12). It is a blue-black to purple macular area at the sacrum or buttocks but sometimes on the abdomen, thighs, shoulders, or arms. It is due to deep dermal melanocytes. It gradually fades during the first year, but may still be present in adulthood. |
| nevus | (mole) a proliferation of melanocytes, tan to brown color, flat or raised. Acquired nevi are characterized by their symmetry, small size (6 mm or less), smooth borders, and single uniform pigmentation. |
| nodule | solid, elevated, hard/soft, larger than 1 cm in dermis |
| pallor | abnormally light, pale, or ashen gray skin; check under tongue, buccal mucosa, conjunctiva, and sclera for darker skin persons |
| papule | feelable, solid, elevated, less than 1 cm |
| paronychia | red swollen inflammation of nail folds; infection |
| patch | color change, flat, greater than 1 cm |
| petechiae | tiny hemorrhages 1-3 mm round, red/purple/brown; cause by bleeding in superficial capillaries; no blanching |
| plaque | plateau like disk shaped lesion, feel-able, solid, elevated, greater than 1 cm |
| decubitus ulcer | pressure ulcer; bed sore from immobility or wear; 4 stages |
| purpura | multiple ecchymosis or petechiae |
| pustule | pus-filled, elevated (impetigo, acne) |
| pruritis | itching |
| scale | flakes of skin, dry/greasy/silver from shedding |
| scar | repaired after lesions; replacement with collagen; usually different color |
| atrophic scar | scar with thinning of epidermis |
| sclerosis | thickening or hardening of tissue |
| seborrhea | very oily skin |
| spider angioma | star shaped with solid center and marks entending; develop during pregnancy, chronic liver disease, estrogen therapy |
| strawberry mark | immature hemangioma; raised, bright red doesn't blanch; immature capillaries present at birth; disappear by 5-7 years; no treatment needed |
| cavernous hemangioma | mature red,blue irregularly shaped, solid spongy mass of BV |
| telangiectasia | permanently enlarged blood vessels visible on skin |
| turgor | ability of skin to return to normal; elasticity ; poor turgor = dehydration or extreme weight loss |
| tumor | larger than a few centimeters, firm/soft, deeper in dermis, benign or malignant |
| ulcer | deep depression into dermis; irregular; bleeding; leaves scar |
| urticaria | wheal coalesce, intense itching |
| vesicle | elevated, fluid inside, up to 1 cm (blister) |
| vitiligo | the complete absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin on the face, neck, hands, feet, body folds, and around orifice |
| wheal | superficial raised, transient, erthyematous, irregular edema (allergy) |
| xerosis | very dry skin |
| port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) | large flat macular patch on scalp or face along cranial nerve; worse with stress and heat/cold |
| annular (arrangement) | circular and spreads to periphery (ring worm) |
| confluent (arrangement) | lesions run together (urticaria) |
| discrete (arrangement) | separate and distinct |
| gyrate (arrangement) | twisted, coiled spiral |
| linear (arrangement) | scratch, line, streak, or stripe |
| target (arrangement) | iris or bull's eye like (erythemia multiform) |
| zosteriform (arrangement) | linear along a nerve route (herpes zoster) |
| polycyclic (arrangement) | annular that grow togther, arranged in concentric circles (lichen, psoriasis) |
| grouped (arrangement) | cluster of lesions (contact dermatitis) |
| Sebaceous hyperplasia | consists of raised yellow papules with a central depression. They are more common in men, occurring over the forehead, nose, or cheeks. They have a pebbly look |
| acrochordons | "skin tags," which are overgrowths of normal skin that form a stalk and are polyp-lik |
| acne | includes papules, pustules, and nodules. Acne lesions usually appear on the face and sometimes on the chest, back, and shoulders |
| storkbite | telangiectasis (salmon patch) is a flat, irregularly shaped red or pink patch found on the forehead, eyelid, or upper lip but most commonly at the back of the neck (nuchal area). It is present at birth and usually fades during the first year. |
| Cutis marmorata | a transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in response to cooler room temperatures. It forms a reticulated red or blue pattern over the skin. (Persistant in Pre-Term and Down's syndrome) |
| Carotenemia | produces a yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons but no yellowing in the sclera or mucous membranes. It comes from ingesting large amounts of foods containing carotene, a vitamin A precursor |
| Milia | tiny while papules on the cheeks and forehead and across the nose and chin caused by sebum that occludes the opening of the follicles |
| Physiologic jaundice | a common variation in about half of all newborns. A yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes develops after the 3rd or 4th day of life because of the increased numbers of red blood cells that hemolyze after birth. The hemoglobin in the red blood cells is metabolized by the liver and spleen; its pigment is converted into bilirubin. |
| harlequin color change | {normal} occurs when the baby is in a side-lying position. The lower half of the body turns red and the upper half blanches with a distinct demarcation line down the midline |
| erythema toxicum | a common rash that appears in the first 3 to 4 days of life. Sometimes called the "flea bite" rash or newborn rash, it consists of tiny punctate red macules and papules on the cheeks, trunk, chest, back, and buttock; no treatment needed |
| acrocyanosis | a bluish color around the lips, hands and fingernails, and feet and toenails. This may last for a few hours and disappear with warming. (lasting longer is abnormal) |
| Leukonychia punctata | white spots on the nail; occur from picking at the cuticle |
| café au lait spot | a large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation (hence, the name "coffee with milk"), which is usually present at birth (6+ is abnormal) |
| tinea capitis | scalp ringworm shines blue-green under Wood's light= fungus |
| Cherry (senile) angiomas | are small (1 to 5 mm), smooth, slightly raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults older than 30 years |
| anasarca | generalized edema; maybe heart or kidney failure |
| junctional nevus | is macular (not raised) only and occurs in children and adolescents. It progresses to the compound nevi in young adult. |
| Diaphoresis | profuse perspiration, accompanies an increased metabolic rate, such as occurs in heavy activity or fever. |
| Dehydration | low fluid volume; mucous membranes are dry, and lips look parched and cracked; skin may develop fissures-check turgor |
| ephelides | small flat macules with sun exposure; freckles |
| ABCDEF | assymmetry, border, color, diameter, elevation/enlargement |
| lanugo | the fine downy hair of the newborn infant (replaced by vellus hair) |
| vernix caseosa | the thick, cheesy substance made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells present at birth |
| eccrine glands | coiled tubules that open directly onto the skin surface and produce a dilute saline solution called sweat |
| 9 Functions of the Skin | 1 Protection, 2 Prevents penetration, 3 Perception, 4 Temperature regulation, 5 Identification, 6 Communication, 7 Wound repair, 8 Absorption and excretion, 9 Production of vitamin D |
| apocrine glands | produce a thick, milky secretion with musky body odor and open into the hair follicles. They are located mainly in the axillae, anogenital area, nipples, and navel and are vestigial in humans and become active during puberty |
| vellus hair | fine hair that covers most of the body (except the palms and soles, the dorsa of the distal parts of the fingers, the umbilicus, the glans penis, and inside the labia) |
| terminal hair | the darker, thicker hair that grows on the scalp and eyebrows and, after puberty, on the axillae, the pubic area, and the face and chest in the male |
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