Head Blue Boxes
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Created by:
emilykackerman on June 4, 2012
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120 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Fracture to cranium where bone depressed inward and injuring brain. | Depressed fractures |
| Cranium fractures in several places. | Comminuted fractures |
| Most frequent type of cranial fracture and fractures at point of impact or can radiate away from it in more than one direction | Linear calvarial fractures |
| Fracture of cranium that occurs on the opposite side of impact | Contrecoup (counterblow) fracture |
| Fracture of cranial base | Basilar fracture |
| This fracture can rupture the middle meningeal artery and be life threatening | Fracture of pterion |
| Which layer of the scalp is the danger area? | Loose connective tissue layer |
| Why is the connective tissue layer the danger area? | Infection can spread to cranial cavity via emissary veins and can reach meninges |
| Term for purple patches in tissue under eyes from injury to scalp or forehead. | Ecchymosis |
| What are the causes of occlusion of the cerebral veins and dural venous sinuses | 1. thrombi (clots) 2. thrombophlebitis (venous inflammation) 3. tumors |
| What can happen with thromobphlebitis of the facial vein? | piece of infected thrombus can extend into cavernous sinus because the facial vein connected to the superior opthalmic veins and that has connections with the cavernous sinus. This can produce thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus. |
| How do tumor cells spread to dural sinuses? | The occipital and basilar sinuses communicate with the internal vertebral venous plexus and, because there are no valves, tumor cells can spread to the brain from straining like coughing. |
| Term for internal carotid tearing at base of skull. | Arteriovenous fistula |
| Term for an arteriovenous fistula that forces blood into the cavernous sinus enlarging it, especially the opthalmic vein that comes off it and causes the eyes to bulge. | Exophthalmos with chemosis (engorged conjunctiva) |
| Term for eyes that bulge and pulsate with radial pulse | Pulsating exophthalmos |
| Causes of headache | 1. distention of scalp 2. distention of meningeal vessels 3. both |
| Scalp layer of headache | Dural layer |
| Which artery tears in an extradural or epidural hemmorhage? | Middle meningeal artery |
| Where does blood collect in a extradural or epidural hemmorhage? | Between the calvaria and dura |
| Term for hematoma that creates space between dura-arachnoid junction | Dural border hematoma |
| What vasculature is torn in a dural border hematoma? | Superior cerebral vein (as it enters the superior sagittal sinus) |
| What vasculature is torn in a subarachnoid hemmorhage? | Rupture of saccular aneurysm (sac-like dilation on an artery) |
| What are the side effects of bleeding in the subarachnoid space? (4) | 1. stiff neck 2. headache 3. meningeal irritation 4. Loss of consciousness |
| How does a cerebral contusion cause bruising? | Movement of brain against stationary cranium or movement of cranium against stationary brain. |
| What is stripped or torn in a cerebral contusion? | pia |
| Where does blood enter in a cerebral contusion? | subarachnoid space |
| What are cerebral lacerations associated with? (2) | 1. gunshots 2. depressed cranial fractures |
| Where does blood go in a cerebral laceration | 1. subarachnoid space 2. brain |
| What produces cerebral compression? | 1. intracranial collections of blood 2. obstruction of CSF circulation or absorption 3. intracranial tumors or abscesses 4. brain edema |
| What is the procedure for obtaining CFS fluid? | Cisternal puncture |
| Where is CSF collected in a cisternal puncture? | Posterior cerebellomedullary cistern |
| Name for condition where there is an overproduction of CSF, obstruction of CSF flow, or interference with absorption. This makes the head enlarged. | Hydrocephalus |
| What are the reasons for hydrocephalus | 1. overproduction of CSF 2. obstruction of CSF flow 3. interference with absorption of CSF |
| What skull fracture type creates CSF otorrhea? | floor of middle cranial fossa |
| Type of CSF leak through the external acoustic meatus? | CSF otorrhea |
| What skull fracture type creates CSF rhinorrhea? | floor of anterior cranial fossa |
| Type of CSF leak through the nose? | CSF rhinorrhea |
| CSF leaks increase the risk of _________. | Meningitis |
| _______ stroke is the sudden development of neuro deficits related to impaired blood flow while ______ stroke follows the rupture of an artery or saccular aneurysm. | Ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke |
| What are the most common causes of an ischemic stroke? (4) | 1. cerebral embolism 2. cerebral thrombosis 3. cerebral hemorrhage 4. subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| The ______ is an important means of collateral circulation in the event of gradual obstruction of the one of the cerebral arteries. | cerebral arterial circle |
| What is the most common type of a hemorrhagic stroke? | berry aneurysm |
| ________ refer to neurological symptoms (lasting minutes to an hour) resulting from ischemia to brain. | Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
| What are individuals with TIA's at increased risk from? | 1. myocardial infarction 2. ischemic stroke |
| Why do facial lacerations gape? | The face doesn't have a distinct layer of fascia and the subcutaneous tissue is loose between the muscle attachments |
| Why does the face bruise so easily after a facial laceration and swell from inflammation? | The looseness of the subcutaneous tissue allows fluid and blood to accumulate in the loose CT and allows greater swelling. |
| Name of disorder that is a sensory disorder of the sensory root of CN V characterized by sudden excruciating facial pain. | Trigeminal neuralgia |
| Order of most common trigeminal roots affected by trigeminal neuralgia | 1. V2 2. V3 3. V1 |
| Lesions of the trigeminal nerve cause __________. | Anesthesia |
| Lesions of the trigeminal nerve affect what areas? | 1. anterior half of scalp 2. face (except for angle for mandible) 3. cornea and conjunctiva 4. mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinus, mouth, anterior part of tongue 5. paralysis of muscles of mastication |
| ______ results from injury of the facial nerve and produces paralysis of some or all the facial muscles of affected side. | Bell Palsy |
| What arteries are used for the two facial pulses? | 1. superficial temporal artery 2. facial artery |
| Which facial pulse do anesthesiologists take? | superficial temporal artery |
| Type of cancer on the lips? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Most common site for lip cancer? | lower lip |
| Cancer cells from the central part of the lower lip, apex of tongue, and floor of lower mouth spread to ______ lymph nodes. | Submental lymph nodes |
| Cancer cells from lateral parts of lower lip drain to ________ lymph nodes. | Submandibular lymph nodes |
| _____% of salivary glands tumors occur in the _______ glands. | Parotid |
| What is the treatment for parotid cancer? | Parotidectomy |
| Term for inflammation of the parotid gland | Parotiditis |
| Virus that causes infection of the parotid gland? | Mumps |
| When the mumps virus inflames the parotid duct what visible sign is used to diagnose? | redness of parotid papilla |
| Why does parotid gland disease cause pain in the auricle, external acoustic meatus, temporal region, and TMJ? | Because the auriculotemporal nerve (from where the parotid gland receives sensory innervation) also supply sensation to those parts too |
| Indirect traumatic injury that displaces the orbital wall is called a ________ fracture. | blowout |
| Fractures of the medial wall of the orbit may involves the _________ sinuses wherease fractures to the inferior wall of the orbtia maybe involve the _______ sinuses. | ethmoidal and sphenoidal, maxillary |
| Term for protrusion of the eyeball | Exophthalmos |
| What can a tumor in the sphenoidal or posterior ethmoidal sinuses do? | Can erode thin walls of orbit and compress optic nerve and orbital contents |
| Where would a tumor in the middle cranial fossa enter the orbit from? | Superior orbital fissue |
| Term for drooping eyelid | Ptosis |
| What causes ptosis? | lesion to CN III |
| What causes the inability to close the eyelid completely? | Damage to orbicularis oculi via lesion to CN VII |
| What structure is obstructed, producing a sty in the eye? | Ciliary glands |
| Name for cysts of the sebaceous gland of the eylelids. | chalazia |
| What layers separate during a retinal detachment? | Neural layer and pigmented layer |
| Term for swelling of the optic disc | Papilledema |
| What causes papilledema? | CSF pressure slows venous return from the retina causing edema of the retina. |
| Condition that reduces focusing power of lenses | presbyopia |
| _______ cataract extraction involves removing the lens but leaving the capsule intact and implanting the synthetic lens in the posterior capsule while _______ cataract extraction involves removing the lens and ens capsule and implanting synthetic lens in the anterior chamber. | Extracapsular cataract extraction, Intracapsular cataract extraction |
| What is glaucoma? | Decrease in outflow of aqueous humor because pathway blocked and pressure builds up in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. |
| What nerve is damaged that leaves the cornea vulnerble to injury by foreign particles? | V1 |
| The retina and optic nerve develop from the _____, which is an outgrowth of the embryonic forebrain, also called the ________. | optic cup, optic vesicle |
| The pigment cell layer of the retina develops from the ______ layer of the optic cup, and the neural layer develops from the ________ layer of the cup. | outer layer, inner layer |
| Pupillary light reflex 1. afferent limb? 2. efferent limb? | 1. optic nerve (CN II) 2. oculomotor nerve (CN III) |
| In the corneal reflex, absence of blink is a lesion to what nerve? | CN V1 |
| Term for double vision | Diplopia |
| What innervates the sphincter pupillae? | CN III (parasympathetics) |
| Characteristics of Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) Palsy (3) | 1. Superior eyelid can't be raise - unopposed activity of orbicularis oculi (CN 7) 2. Pupil fully dilated - unopposed sympathetic activity of dilator pupillae 3. pupil down and out - unopposed activity of superior oblique (down) and lateral rectus (abduction) |
| What innervates the dilator pupillae? | Sympathetic nerves from superior cervical ganglion |
| What lesion causes the inability to abduct the pupil on affected side? | Abducent nerve (CN VI) palsy |
| What nerve branches are anesthetized by a mandibular nerve block? | 1. inferior alveolar 2. auriculotemporal 3. lingual 4. buccal |
| When do you perform an inferior alveolar nerve block? | To anesthetize the mandibular teeth |
| What muscle's excessive contraction cause a dislocation of the TMJ? | Lateral pterygoids |
| What bone does the mandible slip past during the TMJ dislocation? | Articular tubercle |
| Term for joint clicking of the TMJ | crepitus |
| Term for dental cavities | Dental caries |
| What is the condition called that creates infection and inflammation in the tissues of the pulp cavity of the teeth? | Pulpitis |
| The spread of gingivitis to the alveolar bone is called _________. | Periodontitis |
| What is the technique called that injects contrast medium into the ducts of the parotid and submandibular glands to examine them? | Sialography |
| Gag reflex 1. Afferent limb 2. Efferent limb | 1. Glossopharyngeal (CN 9) 2. Vagus (CN 10) |
| What tongue muscle can obstruct the airway when anesthetized? | Genioglossus |
| Injury to what nerve causes paralysis and atrophy to the affected side of the tongue? | Hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) |
| Why does the tongue deviate to the injured side when the hypoglossal nerve is injured? | Because of the unopposed action of the unaffected genioglossus muscle on the other side |
| How are drugs absorbed sublingually? | Absorbed through deep lingual veins |
| Malignant tumors in the posterior part of the tongue metastasize to the ________ lymph nodes on both sides. | Superior deep cervical lymph nodes |
| What is the name of the condition where the nasal mucosa become swollen during severe upper respiratory infections and allergic reactions? | Rhinitis |
| Where can infections of the nasal cavity spread? | 1. anterior cranial fossa and cribiform plate 2. Nasopharynx and retropharyngeal soft tissues 3. Middle ear through auditory tube 4. Parasinal sinues 5. Lacrimal apparatus and conjunctiva |
| Term for nosebleeds | Epistaxis |
| What is the most common area for nosebleeds? | Kiesselbach Area - anterior third of nose |
| How can infections of the ethmoidal cells cause blindness? | Infections from the ethmoidal cells can break through the medial plate of orbit and posterior ethmoidal cells are close to the optic canal. |
| What sinuses are most commonly infected? | Maxillary sinuses |
| Why is removal of molar teeth dangerous to the maxillary sinuses? | If the root fractures, it can be driven up into the maxillary sinus and can create an infection. |
| Bleeding within the auricle resulting from trauma may produce an __________. | Auricular hematoma |
| In a auricular hematoma, where does blood collect? | Between the perichondrium and auricular cartilage |
| What structures can you see during an otoscopic examination? | 1. tympanic membrane 2. handle of malleus near center of membrane (umbo) 3. cone of light reflection at inferior end of malleus |
| _______ is an inflammation of the external acoustic meatus. | Otitis externa |
| _____ is an infection of the middle ear, usually secondary to upper respiratory infection. | Otitis media |
| What are some of the causes of a perforated tympanic membrane (ruptured eardrum)? | 1. otitis media 2. foreign bodies in external acoustic meatus 3. trauma 4. excessive pressure |
| Term for procedure where tympanic membrane is incised to release pus from a middle ear abscess | Myringotomy |
| Where is the incision made for a myringotomy? | the posteroinferior portion of the tympanic membrane |
| What is the name of the tube inserted into the middle ear to drain and release pressure? | PE - pressure equalization tubes |
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