| Term | Definition |
|---|
| True | Muscles contribute to the maintenance of body temperature |
| False | Muscle hypertrophy observed in strength training is a result of increased neural coordination |
| False | There is one muscle compartment for each body segment |
| True | Concentric muscle actions are used to raise a load from the floor |
| the elastic components and enhanced neurological input | Plyometric training uses (blank) to improve performance |
| True | When a penniform muscle contracts, the pennation angle increases |
| False | A single contractile unit is a myofibril |
| False | It is established that actin filaments slide toward the middle of myosin filaments during contraction |
| False | The largest tensions can be developed in a muscle through isometric contractions |
| True | The magnitude of contractile force is directly proportional to the number of cross-bridges formed |
| False | In fusiform muscles, the fibers are perpendicular to the tendon |
| True | Contractility is the ability of a muscle to generate tension |
| False | Lengthening of a muscle before contraction reduces the force in a concentric contraction |
| True | The fiber force in a parallel muscle is in the same direction as the muscle fibers |
| False | Slow-twitch fibers always contribute to the force generation in the muscle |
| False | The physiological cross-section of a penniform muscle is the same as the anatomical cross-section |
| False | Excitation-contraction coupling occurs between actin and myosin |
| True | Passive insufficiency occurs in the hamstrings during knee flexion and hip flexion |
| True | Muscle force decreases with aging |
| information about muscle activation | EMG can give |
| the EMG amplitude increases and the force capacity decreases | When a motor unit fatigues |
| muscle tension | The GTO monitors |
| pressure, pain | The pacinian corpuscle responds to (blank) and (blank) |
| the elastic components and enhanced neurological input | Plyometric training uses (blank) to improve performance |
| strength, speed work | Complex training involves (blank) and (blank) |
| crossed extensor reflex | An example of a proprospinal reflex is the |
| 100 | The axon of motoneurons is fairly large, making it capable of transmitting impulses up to (blank) m/sec |
| length of the antagonistic muscle, viscoelastic characteristic of the muscle, length of the ligaments, and level of neurological innervation of muscle being stretched | The main factor influencing the amount of flexibility |
| True | Biomechanics is the application of the laws of physics to human motion |
| True | A biomechanical analysis can be accomplished either qualitatively or quantitatively |
| Physics | Which of the following is an essential area of study for a biomechanist? |
| False | The axial skeleton includes the head, trunk, and upper extremities |
| True | For angular motion, it is necessary to define an axis of rotation |
| True | A relative angle is the same as a joint angle |
| True | When the joint angle between two segments increases, the action that occurs is extension |
| True | Pronation and supination describe motions of the foot |
| False | The right arm is ipsilateral to the left leg |
| True | The axial skeleton is medial to the appendicular skeleton |
| False | Medial and lateral refer to the positions on segments only |
| False | The anatomical positions is the only position used by biomechanists |
| True | The foot is inferior to the leg relative to the thigh |
| True | Lower extremity motion in running can be studied as if it occurred only in the sagittal plane |
| False | There is only one cardinal plane in the human body |
| True | The foot is distal to the thigh relative to the head |
| False | A mediolateral axis runs runs from the medial side of the body to the distal side |
| False | The transverse axis is the same as the coronal plane |
| False | Statics is a branch of mechanics that studies systems under constant acceleration |
| False | Angular motion only occurs about a joint center |
| True | A biomechanist must have a sound knowledge of anatomy, physics, and mathematics |
| False | The knee joint has primarily three degrees of freedom |
| True | A joint that has only 1 degree of freedom can also be called a uniaxial joint |
| False | Every joint in the human body has at least 3 degrees of freedom |
| False | All analyses in biomechanics must be quantitative in nature |
| A force profile of a weight lifter | Which of the following is not an example of a qualitative analysis? |
| The arm of a pitcher throwing a ball/A runner's leg motion during a 100m race | Which of the following is not an example of linear motion? |
| A runner's leg motion during a 100m race | Which of the following is an example of angular motion? |
| The angular motion of a runner's leg during a race | Which of the following could be considered in a kinematic study? |
| the force acting on a runner during a race | An example of a kinetic study is |
| An isometric exercise | Which of the following are examples of a static analysis? |
| newton | The unit of force is a |
| both a kinematic and kinetic approach | A dynamic analysis of human movement could use |
| the study of the body components needed to achieve or perform a human movement | Functional anatomy: |
| a longitudinal axis | Internal rotation of a segment occurs about: |
| zero | There are (blank) planes parallel to the sagittal cardinal plane. |
| center of mass | The cardinal planes intersect at the |
| the position of the hands relative to the trunk | The difference between the anatomical and fundamental positions is |
| proximal | The position of the elbow joint to the wrist as it relates to the trunk is |
| superior | The hip joint relative to the knee joint is |
| contralateral | The right knee relative to the left knee is |
| hyperadduction | A joint moving in the coronal plane in which the relative angle continues past its zero position undergoes |
| Depression/Upward rotation | Which of the following are movements of the scapula? |
| the little finger side of the hand | Ulnar flexion takes place on |
| planes, axes, an origin | A reference system has |
| Mediolateral | Motion in the sagittal plane takes place about which axis? |
| the sagittal plane, multiple planes | Most human movements in running take place in |
| one neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to | A motor unit is |
| 1 | A uniaxial joint has how many degrees of freedom? |
| False | Hysteresis is the energy stored in a stress-strain test |
| False | A viscoelastic material has no elastic properties at all |
| True | The stiffness of a material can be determined by calculating the slope of the linear portion of the stress-strain curve |
| False | A lever alters only the speed of a movement |
| False | Bones decrease in size from top to bottom |
| False | Cancellous bone is not very porous |
| True | Cancellous bone transmits energy |
| False | The phalanges are short bones |
| False | The shaft of a long bone is called the epiphysis |
| True | The diaphysis is composed primarily of cortical bone |
| False | The role of sesamoid bone is to protect internal structures |
| False | Bone is approximately 10%-15% inorganic |
| False | Bone tissue is a viscoelastic material whose mechanical properties are affected by its structure |
| True | The mineral constituents of bone allow it to withstand compressive loads |
| True | Bone adapts to both internal and external forces |
| False | Bones do not require mechanical stress to grow and function |
| False | Immobilization has little effect on bone |
| True | A condition in which bone resorption exceeds bone deposits is called osteoporosis |
| False | The term that describes the fact that the behavior of bone depends on the direction of loading is viscoelastic |
| False | Cartilage is approximately 70% water and has little blood supply |
| False | Some of the thickest cartilage in the body is found at the ankle joint |
| False | A ligament connects muscle to bone |
| False | The shoulder has substantial ligamentous support |
| True | It is theorized that osteoarthritis develops first in the cartilage |
| True | The knee is a complex joint |
| strain | The force applied to a structure will cause a |
| the same area | To compare the stress-strain properties of two different materials, the applied force must be applied to |
| no effect | When stressed in its elastic region, a material will exhibit |
| has elastic and viscous properties, exhibits nonlinear behavior, has multiple stiffnesses | A viscoelastic material |
| speed and change in direction | A lever alters the (blank) of a movement |
| blood cell formation | Hematopoiesis is |
| diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone is called the |
| deformation rate | Bone tissue is a viscoelastic material whose mechanical properties are affected by its |
| 5-6 months | The bone in distal part of the femur is replaced every |
| 0.2-0.5% | After age 30 years, there is a (blank) yearly loss in the mineral weight of bone |
| 15 | Cortical bone is less than (blank)% porous |
| longitudinally | At muscle insertion sites, collagen fibers are arranged (blank), maximizing strength |
| trabeculae | The small, flat pieces of bone making up the cancellous bone are called |
| viscoelastic | The term that best describes the fact that the response of bone depends on the rate of loading is |
| a repeated, low-magnitude force | A stress fracture can be the result of |
| compressive, tensile | A standing person has (blank) forces on the inferior portion and (blank) forces on the superior portion of the femoral neck |
| convex, tensile | When a bone is subjected to an excessive bending force, it will fail on the (blank) side because it is weaker under (blank) forces |
| 50% | Cartilage reduces contact forces by |
| Cartilage | (Blank) improves the fit of the ends of the bones in a joint, decreases the friction in a point, helps to attenuate shock |
| anisotropic | Cartilage exhibits (blank) characteristics |
| crimped | With no tension on it, the collagen fibers in a ligament are |
| decreases | The strength of a ligament (blank) with immobilization |
| condylar | The knee is an example of a(n) (blank) joint |
| small/no movement | Synarthrodial joints allow for (blank) movements |
| more | Amphiarthrodial joints allow (blank) movement compared with synarthrodial joints |
| True | Tendons recoil before applying the desired muscle force |
| True | In a slow stretch, the actin-myosin cross-bridges contribute little to the elastic component |
| False | In abduction of the arm, the term that describes the contraction of the deltoid is eccentric |
| True | A muscle torque always increases when the muscle force increases |
| False | A stretch preceding a contraction can lower the force output |
| True | At extreme muscle lengths, the actin-myosin cross-bridges provides an insignificant contribution to muscle tension |
| irritability | The ability to respond to stimulation is called |
| repolarization | The return of the muscle resting potential to a polarized state is termed |
| the number of movements possible at a joint | A degree of freedom is |
| warm up the muscle, increase activation of the muscle, and pull the actin and myosin cross-bridges apart | A pre-stretch is used to |
| protect muscle fibers, create pathways for nerves and blood cells, and surround individual muscle fibers | The function of the endomysium is to |
| one neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to | A motor unit is |
| fascia | The parallel elastic component in a muscle is hypothesized to be located in the |
| short rest and high-intensity | Bodybuilders use (blank) to build up the size of the muscle |
| Functional training | (Blank) incorporates balance and coordination into each exercise |
| None of the above | Muscle fibers can be as much as (blank) wide and (blank) long |
| sum total of all the cross-sections of fibers in the muscle | The physiological cross-section of a muscle is the |
| myosin | The dark banding of the myofibril is made up of a thick protein called |
| velocity | Muscles with parallel fibers can achieve high |
| pennate muscle | A muscle that has more than one tendon running through the body of the muscle and in which the fascicles form an oblique angle to the tendion is called a |
| Eccentric | A subject bends over at the trunk. What type of muscular contraction is occurring in the trunk extensors during this activity? |
| muscle belly or myotendinous junction | The most likely site of injury in the muscle tendon unit is the |
| proximal, origin/distal, insertion | Typically, the more (blank) attachment site of a muscle is termed the (blank) |
| isometric | In the arm held in abduction, the term that describes the contraction of the deltoid is |
| concentric, agonist | In (blank) movement the (blank) is producing the movement force |
| anisotropic | Cartilage exhibits (blank) characteristics |
| moderate | Maximum power is generated at (blank) velocity |
| hypertrophy | The term that describes growth in a muscle cross-section is |
| eccentrically | A muscle contracts (blank) to cause a lowering of a load |
| perimysium | The connective tissue component of a skeletal muscle that surrounds fasciculi is called the |
| increasing the number of motor units, increasing the length of the muscle, contracting slowly | A muscle can increase the total tension it can produce by |
| False | When a motor neuron fires and sends a signal, all of the fibers in a muscle will contract |
| True | The soleus muscle consists of primarily type I fibers |
| True | The sensory nerves enter the spinal cord on the dorsal side |
| True | The muscle fibers of a motor unit tend to be located next to each other |
| False | Motoneurons send signals from the motor units to the spinal cord |
| False | The time between the beginning and ending of a movement is termed electromechanical delay |
| True | A plyometric exercise stimulates the muscle via the stretch reflex |
| True | Projections on the cell body called dendrites serve as receivers and bring information into the neuron from other neurons |
| False | Fast-twitch fibers are always recruited first for fast movements |
| True | The total number of fibers controlled by one motor neuron is termed the innervation ratio |
| False | Contract-relax is a sequence used in plyometrics to stimulate a muscle |
| True | The flexor reflex initiates a withdrawal after touching something hot |
| True | Alpha neurons are larger and faster than gamma motoneurons |
| False | Ten pairs of spinal nerves enter and exit the cervical region of the spine |
| True | The small motoneurons are used over a broad tension range before the moderate or large motoneurons are recruited |
| True | Rate coding increases only after all of the motor neurons are recruited |
| True | In most movements, the activation of the motor unit pool occurs asynchronously |
| True | The muscle spindle detects both velocity or stretch and length of the muscle fiber |
| True | Anticipation of lifting something heavy stimulates both the alpha and gamma motoneurons |
| False | The amplitude of the EMG recording indicates the amount of muscle tension developed |
| True | Strength gain during the first 4 weeks of a strength training program is typically the result of neural adaptation |
| False | The most effective stretching technique uses ballistic actions |
| True | Bipolar EMG electrodes are used to measure the electrical activity in two muscles; monopolar electrodes only measure one muscle |
| True | Rectification of the raw EMG signal represents the absolute value of the EMG signal |
| True | The muscle fibers innervated by each motor unit are concentrated in one section of the muscle |
| False | To reduce the type Ia response to stretching, a person should hold the terminal position for 10-30 seconds |
| Motoneurons | (Blank) sends signals to the motor units |
| a single neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates | A motor unit is defined as |
| make monosynaptic connections with motoneurons, are stimulated by extrafusal muscle contractions, send information to the cerebral cortex | Muscle spindles |
| ganglia | Bundles of cell bodies just outside of the spinal cord are called |
| number of motor units and frequency of firing | The two main factors that determine the amount of tension generated in a muscle are |
| the stretch reflex, relaxation of the antagonists, and contraction of the agonists | The result of a quick stretch to the muscle is |
| makes generating larger muscular output easier | A high innervation ratio |
| is transmitted chemically | The signal in motoneuron |
| none of the above | A single motor unit may innervate (blank) fibers |
| IIb | Large alpha neurons typically innervate type (blank) muscle fibers |
| -70/-90mv | At rest, the electrical potential on the inside of the nerve membrane has a value of |
| I, IIa, IIb | The sequence of motor unit recruitment is usually |
| increases if the antagonist muscle shortens | The frequency of discharge from the muscle spindle primary endings |
| II | Sensory impulses from type (blank) sensory neurons do not diminish when the muscle is stationary |
| gamma | The contractile ends of the sensory neurons are innervated by (blank) motoneurons |
| over the belly of the muscle | EMG electrodes should be placed |
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