body structure and function
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anatomy | the study of body structure |
| physiology | the study of how the body functions |
| metabolism | all the life-sustaining reactions that occur within the body |
| anabolism | simple compounds are use to manufacture material needed for tissue function, growth, and repair. |
| catabolism | complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds. |
| ATP | the energy currency of the cell |
| homeostasis | a steady state of balance within the body |
| negative feedback | each change must be reversed to restore the norm. |
| superior | above, or in a higher position |
| inferior | below, or lower |
| ventral | located toward the belly surface or front of the body |
| dorsal | toward the back |
| cranial | nearer to the head |
| medial | nearer to an imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body |
| lateral | farther away from the midline, toward the side |
| sagittal plane | a cut exactly down the midline of the body |
| transverse or horizontal | a plane that divides a structure into superior and inferior parts |
| frontal or coronal plane | a plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior parts |
| the levels of organization of the body | chemicals, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, whole organism |
| function of the cell or plasma membrane | Basic unit of life, show all characteristics of life-organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, reproduction |
| diffusion | this is where molecules move from an area of higher concentrations to lower. |
| osmosis | diffusion of water goes through semipermeable membrane |
| filtration | movement of materials through plasma membrane under mechanical force |
| active transport | this requires cellular energy, movement of particles from lower to higher concentration. |
| phagocytosis | this engulf large particles into the cell |
| what are the four main types of tissues classification | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue. |
| what are the four muscle tissue | Skeletal muscle-voluntary, also called the striated muscle; Cardiac muscle-involuntary; Smooth muscle-involuntary. |
| what are the three main layers of the skin | epidermis-outermost layer; dermis-the true skin middle layer; subcutaneous innermost layer. |
| The function of the integumentary system | Protection against infection; Protection against dehydration; Regulation of body temperature; Collection of sensory information; Other activities of the skin-absorption , excretion, manufacture of vitamin D. |
| supination | is the act of turning the palm up or forward. |
| Pronation | is turning the palm down or backward. |
| Flexion | is bending the fingers to close the hand. |
| Extension | is straightening the fingers to open the hand. |
| Abduction | is moving the arm straight out to the side. |
| Adduction | is bringing the arm back to side of the body. |
| Tendon | cord of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. |
| ligament | is a structure that connects two bones, they also support and strengthen joints. |
| Cranial nerves | there are 12 pairs attached to the brain; Carry special and general sensory impulses; Carry somatic and visceral motor impulses; Types sensory (1,2,8); Motor (3,4,6,11,12); Mixed (5,7,9,10). |
| Spinal nerves | there are 31 pairs, each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots, the dorsal and the ventral root. Spinal nerves carry messages to and from the spinal cord.` |
| Motor nerves | They are nerves that either control or supply muscles in the eye, neck, larynx, and tongue (3,4,6,11,12). |
| Sensory nerves | carries impulses of smell, visual and hearing to the brain (1,2,8). |
| Mixed nerves | carries impulses of the eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw toward the brain; These nerves also deal with taste, facial muscles for expression, stimulates small salivary gland and lacrimal (tear) gland, also supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx (voice box) in short they work both sides of the nerves (5,7,9,10). |
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