| Term | Definition |
|---|
| clonal | _____ selection - when a mature T or B cell binds Ag, they get activated, proliferate and go on to form either memory or effector cells |
| negative | ______ selection - newly formed T and B cells that recognize self antigens get eliminated |
| Abs | ___ have to bind to Ag to neutralize it, opsonize it, or active C' |
| CTL | ____ use TCR and CD8 to bind to virus-infected cells and then kill them. Involves recog. of MHC I proteins displaying peptides derived from viral proteins |
| Th1 | ___ cells use TCR and CD4 to bind to infected macrophages so they can activate them with gamma-interferon and allow macrophages to kill intracellular bacteria |
| disulfide | _____ bonds hold H chains and L chains together and two H chains together |
| binding | Vh and Vl combine to form the Ag _____ site of Ab |
| identical | a single Ab has 2 identical H chains and 2 identical L chains, so 2 Ag binding sites are ________ |
| C | all _ regions for a particular type of Ig chain have identical amino acid sequence |
| light | there are 2 types of _____ chains for Ab, kappa and gamma - functionally equivalent |
| heavy | there are 5 types of ______ chains for Ab - the type of H chains determine isotype (Ig class) |
| C | _ regions of H chain contain specific amino acid sequences that determine Ab function |
| complement | IgM and IgG can activate ______ cascade when it binds Ags |
| IgM | 10 binding sites of secreted ___ (Ab isotype) gives its high avidity |
| IgM | secreted form of ___ (Ab isotype) is a pentamer |
| secondary | IgG is the major isotype made during _____ response |
| primary | IgM is the major isotype made during _____ response |
| IgG | ___ (Ab isotype) can opsonize microbes |
| IgA | ___ is the major isotype found in secretions |
| IgA | ___ (Ab isotype) is a dimer in secretions |
| IgE | ___ binds to mast cells and triggers it to release histamine -> allergic response |
| IgD | ___ (Ab isotype) is never secreted, only part of BCR |
| mature | ______ B cell has mIgM and mIgD that recognize same Ag |
| memory | ______ B cell can have mIgM, mIgG, mIgA, or mIgE on surface |
| Vl | L chains have 2 globular Ig domains - N terminal contains __ region, other on the C region |
| H | _ chains either have 4 or 5 globular Ig domains |
| hinge | _____ region for Ab provides flexibility that allows for Ag binding sites to bind repeating epitopes with different spacing between them |
| 4 | IgG, IgA, IgD have _ globular Ig domains (Vh, Ch1, Ch2, Ch3 + flexible hinge region b/w Ch1 and Ch2) |
| 5 | IgM, IgE have _ globular Ig domains ( Vh, Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, Ch4, no hinge) |
| secondary | globular domains are formed by the ______ structure of H and L polypeptides |
| beta | immunoglobulin fold is the folding over of two ____ sheets |
| disulfide | 2 beta sheets are folded over and linked by a ______ bond to make a Beta barrel that is roughly globular in shape |
| 50 | gamma, delta, alpha chains weigh ___ kDa |
| 70 | mu and epsilon chains weigh ___ kDa |
| 25 | L chains weigh ___ kDA |
| 150 | IgG, IgD, IgA weigh ____ kDA |
| 190 | IgM, IgE weigh _____ kDA |
| Hv | the Ag binding site is formed by the __ regions |
| 3 | both the H and L chains have _ HV regions, separated by conserved regions |
| loops | in the 3d structure of Vh or Vl, HV regions are in ___ between the beta strands |
| HV | the beta strands form a conserved framework that give Vh and Vl the basic Ig domain structure while __ regions vary considerably and determine Ag-binding specificty |
| complementary | Abs bind epitopes whose 3d shape is ______ to that of its Ag- binding site |
| CDR | ____ - HV regions that form Ag binding site |
| specific | Ab binding is very _____ - often distinguish between closely related molecules and 1 aa change can greatly reduce affinity |
| CDR | types of non-covalent bonds formed b/w aa side chain of ___ and antigen - 1) Electrostatic 2) H bonds 3) Permanent dipole - induced dipole 4) Induced dpiole - induced dipole |
| intact | Abs recognize _____ Ags and bind epitopes exposed on surface of molecule |
| polyclonal | _______ Abs - produced by immunizing animal, purifying Abs from serum - mixture of Abs that recognize diff. epitopes on Ag |
| monoclonal | ________ Abs - produced by fusing plasma cell with tumor cell ( = hybridoma), select single cell clones making high affinity Ab that recognizes one epitope |
| purify | flow cytometry, magnetic bead separation - used to identify cells or _____ cells |
| tissue | immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence - used to visualize cells within _____ sections |
| proteins | immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy - used to visualize subcellular localization of ________ |
| quantitate | ELISA - used to ________ proteins in fluids |
| purify | affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation - used to _____ proteins |
| detect | immunoblot - used to ____ proteins separated by SDS-page |
| beads | to use Ab to purify protein... (affinity chromatography) 1) Covalently couple Ab to ____ 2) Add cell lysates to Ab-coated _____. Only protein recognized by Ab is bound to ____ 3) Wash away proteins that do not bind 4) Separate bound protein from Ab (low pH - disrupt bond b/w Ag and Ab) 5) Purification |
| 2 | TCR and BCR consist of _ subunits |
| Ag | TCR and BCR consist of 1) ___ binding subunit and 2) signaling subunit |
| mIg | BCR's Ag-binding subunit is ____ |
| chains | TCR's Ag-binding subunit is made up of TCR alpha and beta _____ |
| Ig | BCR's signaling subunit is __-alpha and beta chains |
| CD3 | TCR's signaling subunit is ___ chains and TCR zeta chains |
| activation | the role fo the signaling subunit is to generate chemical signals inside T or B cell that leads to T and B cell _______ and proliferation |
| Ag | while TCR is never secreted, whole point of B cell activation is secretion of Abs with the same __ binding site as mIg on the cell that was activated |
| transmembrane | mIg is not shed from cells. secreted Abs are newly synthesized proteins that lack a _______ domain |
| disulfide | Ag binding subunit of TCR is TCR alpha and beta chains which are ______ bond linked |
| 1 | unlike BCR, TCR has _ Ag-binding site per complex |
| zeta | TCR signaling subunit consists of CD3 gamma, delta, epsilon chains and TCR ___ chains |
| HV | like Ig V regions, TCR Valpha and Vbeta are globular domains that consist of __ and framework regions |
| loops | HV regions are the _____ in Ig domains with framework regions making up the sheets that form the globular domain |
| BCR | HV regions at tips of alpha and beta chains, and they come together to form the single antigen binding site of TCR, just like Vh and Vl join together to form Ag-binding site of an Ab or mIg portion of ___ |
| CD3 | like alpha-beta T cells, gamma-delta T cells also have ___ and TCR zeta |
| genes | gamma and delta chains for TCR are encoded by different ____ than alpha and beta chains, and also assembled by gene arrangement |
| MHC | TCR's recognize peptides that are bound by ___ proteins on surface of APCs |
| linear | T cells recognize ____ peptide sequences, as opposed to conformational determinants recognized by Abs |
| RBC | MHC I is expressed on all cell types except ___ |
| interferon | cytokines released during viral infections (______ ) increased production of MHC I |
| alpha | structure of MHC I - transmembrane ____ chain with 3 domains (___1, ___2, ___3) |
| groove | in MHC I, alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains come together to form peptide-binding ____ |
| apc | MHC II is expressed only on professional ___ (macrophages, DC's, B cells) and on thymic epithelial cells involved in +/- selection of thymocytes |
| 2 | structure of MHC II - 2 transmembrane chains, alpha and beta chains, each with _ domains |
| groove | in MHC II, membrane-distal alpha 1 and beta 1 domains come together to form peptide-binding _____ |
| peptide | TCR binds to both MHC and _____ that is in the cleft of MHC molecule |
| alpha | TCR docks onto ___ helices that form sides of peptide binding cleft |
| rate | first, HV regions (CDR1 and CDR2 mostly) of TCR bind to MHC. ability of TCR to recognize MHC protein determines on-___ of the interaction |
| off | secondly, CDR 3 HV regions of both Valpha and Vbeta contact peptide in cleft of MHC. this determines the ___-rate |
| dissociates | if there is a poor fit (few molecular interactions b/w aa side chains of peptide and TCR CDR3s), TCR ______ |
| CDR3 | if there is a good fit (many molecular interactions b/w aa side chains of peptide and TCR ____), TCR stays bound to MHC peptide |
| crystallizing | which parts of TCR bind to MHC determined by co-______ a soluble form of TCR and MHC I |
| I | binding of TCR to MHC _ 1) Docking of TCR to MHC _ ) Valpha binds to alpha 2 of MHC _ using CDR1 and CDR 2 2) Vbeta binds to alpha 1 of MHC _ using CDR 1 and CDR 2 3) Valpha CDR3 and Vbeta CDR3 bind to peptide |
| peptide | Vbeta of TCR actually has 4 HV regions but CDR4 does not always contact the ____ |
| II | binding of TCR to MHC __ 1) Valpha binds MHC __ beta1 domain, Vbeta binds MHC __ alpha 1 domain 2) Valpha and Vbeta both contact peptide 3) CDR regions bind the peptide |
| beta | CD4 binds to aa on ___2 domain of MHC II proteins |
| CD8 | CD8 is a dimer of ____ alpha and beta |
| alpha | CD8 alpha binds to aa on _____3 of MHC I |
| interfere | CD4 and CD8 bind to MHC proteins away from where peptide is bound, so they do not _____ with TCR binding to MHC peptide complexes |
| T | CD4 and CD8 ensure that the right type of _ cell is activated by MHC peptide complex |
| signaling | CD4 and CD8 brings _______ enzymes, such as kinase Lck, close to TCR |
| intracellular | signaling enzymes increase ability of TCR to initiate ________ signals |
| Ag | if CD4 and CD8 is prevented from interacting with MHC proteins, need 100x more __ to get T cell activation |
| signaling | CD4 and CD8 increase strength of TCR _______ by 100x |
| T | it's important for _ cells to be activated by small numbers of MHC/peptide complexes, because only a small number of MHC proteins will be presented on APC since there are many APCs with different peptides |
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