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enzymes protiens- long chains of amino acids that form complex shapes - that control cell reactions. (biocatalysts) biocatalysts (enzyme) accelerate metabolic reactions to biologically useful rates specifically by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur substrate the molecule an enzyme binds to (enzyme-substrate complex) transition state the substrate becomes more reactive and the metabolic reaction accelerates activation energy energy needed to form transition state active site site of enzyme attatchment and the surrounding parts that stress the substrates bonds denature structural change destroying the enzymes effectiveness by altering the active sight and slowing down the reaction rate biotechnology the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and provide useful products genetic engineering the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes molecular biology the study of molecules critical to life genetic transformation the uptake and expression of dna by a living cell plasmids circular pieces of dna made of 1,000 to 200,000 base pairs vector a dna molecule that carries a sequence into a host autotrophic derives energy from photosynthesis or oxidation of organic molecules heterotrophic dervies energy from organic molecules made by other organisms (decomposers) extremophiles archaebacteria- lives in extreme temperatures or PH Gram stain. photomicrograph of bacteria that are gram positive (purple) and gram negative (red). the species are aureus + and E. Coli - http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2416/2234750993_66e2a59f4d.jpg sensitivity plate a petri dish of solid medium that has been uniformally inoculated on its entire surface by a known bacteria, that is then use to test the effectiveness of an antibiotic nitrogen fixation transformin atmospheric nitrogen, N2, into other nitrogen compounds that can be used as nutrients by plants Heterocysts thick walled cells where nitrogen fixation occurs Optimal condition the range of values for enviornmental factors at which an enzyme functions best Prokaryotes Cells without membrane bound organelles three domians eukarya, archaea, bacteria Kingdoms under Archaea Archaebacteria Kingdoms under Bacteria Bacteria Bacillus Rod Shaped coccus spherical (strep) spirillum spiral (Spirilla) oscillatoria-lots of these interwoven on black background http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2296/2196058173_ee04034d7c.jpg