History Finals ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA
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Created by:
jdpiglover on June 6, 2012
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Petition of Right | Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land |
| Cavaliers and Roundheads | Opposing sides of the English Civil War (Cavaliers: forces of the king, Roundheads: forces of Parliament) |
| Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658) |
| New Model Army | The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war. |
| Constitution | the act of forming something |
| Navigation Act of 1651 | prohibited Dutch merchants from the colonial trade and gave English traders a monopoly by requiring that goods importated into England or its American settlements be carried on English ships. |
| Rump Parliament | The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy. |
| Commonwealth | a politically organized body of people under a single government |
| Restoration | getting something back again |
| King Charles I | The English monarch who was beheaded by Puritans (see English Civil War) who then established their own short-lived government ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Mid 1600s). |
| King Charles II | King of England who wanted to control the Atlantic coast of North America |
| Tories and Whigs | Tories: completely controlled by landed aristocracy-conservative-controlled govt. until 1830—Whigs: liberal-oppose strong monarchy/govt. |
| King James II | king during early colonization; overthrown by William of Orange in the "Glorious Revolutuion" of 1688 |
| William and Mary | joint monarchs of England |
| Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
| John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |
| English Bill of Rights | `, King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. |
| Toleration Act | This guaranteed religious freedom to almost all Protestants in England under the monarchy of William and Mary. |
| Limited Constitutional Monarchy | system of government in which a king or queen sits on the throne but does not have absolute power, and in which a constitution limits the monarch's power |
| John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) |
| Sea Dogs | name given English buccaneers, these semi-pirates seized Spanish treasure ships |
| Henry Hudson | English navigator who discovered the Hudson River |
| Rationalism | the doctrine that reason is the right basis for regulating conduct |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women |
| King George III | King of England during the American Revolution |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States |
| George Washington | 1st President of the United States |
| Federal system of government | a system in which power is shared among state and national authorities |
| Denis Diderot | French philosopher who created the Encyclopedia |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government. |
| Benjamin Franklin | printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics |
| Voltaire | French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778) |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy |
| Philosophes | Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas. |
| Salon | elegant sitting room where guests are received |
| Classical (music) | traditional genre of music conforming to an established form and appealing to critical interest and developed musical taste |
| Baroque (art) | art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit |
| Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions |
| Physiocrats | This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land |
| Laissez-faire | the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs |
| Frederick II | the Holy Roman Emperor who led the Sixth Crusade and crowned himself king of Jerusalem (1194-1250) |
| Natural Laws of Economics | 1. supply and demand 2. competition 3. self-interest |
| Enlightened Despotism | system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment |
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