| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Metabolism | all chemical reactions in an organism |
| Metabolism is the | summation of two processes |
| Metabolism Catabolism | Release Energy |
| Metabolism Anabolism (biosythesis) | Require Energy |
| Chemical Reactions ,Reactants (substrates) | molecules before the reaction starts |
| Chemical Reactions, Products | molecules resulting from the chemical reaction |
| Chemical Reactions, A-B + C-D -> A-C + B + D | Reactants -> Products |
| Chemical reactions can be influenced by | Temperature, Concentration of reactants (substrates) and products, Catalysts |
| Temperature | Heating the reactants increases the rate of reaction |
| Concentration of reactants (substrates) and products | An increase in the amount of reactants generally increases the rate of reaction |
| Catalysts | Can increase the rate of reaction without directly altering the reactants or products |
| What are enzymes (catalysts) | Usually composed of proteins |
| Enzymes Lower the | activation energy required, |
| Enzymes Have specific | active sites or catalytic sites for substrates |
| Enzymes Are NOT | consumed during the reaction, can facilitate many reactions |
| Some enzymes required | cofactors or coenzymes |
| What are cofactors or coenzymes | These molecules work to support the enzyme |
| cofactors or coenzymes | May be metal ions, other proteins, vitamins, anything that aids in making the enzyme work better |
| Types of enzymes | Exoenzyme, Endoenzyme, Constitutive enzymes, Regulated enzymes |
| Exoenzyme | are transported extracellularly to perform their job |
| Endoenzyme | are retained intracellularly to perform their job |
| Constitutive enzymes | are always present and remain constant |
| Regulated enzymes | are either turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) |
| Competitive inhibition | a molecule with bind to the active site (where the substrate binds) and mimic the substrate |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | a molecule with bind to a different site than the active site and block its activity |
| ATP | Nucleotides are important in energy production. |
| ATP is the a main source of | cellular energy or metabolic money |
| ATP Primary way a cell | stores energy |
| ATP | ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE |
| Catabolism | Chemical reactions that release energy |
| Catabolism Breakdown of | organic molecules from complex to simple |
| Catabolism Usually exergonic | release of energy X + Y + enzyme = Z + energy |
| Catabolism Involves | hydrolysis (water) |
| Anabolism | Chemical reactions that require energy |
| Anabolism Involves | building organic molecules from simple to complex |
| Anabolism Endergonic | require energy Energy + A + B + enzyme = C |
| Anabolism Dehydration | synthesis |
| The energy released during catabolism is | used to fuel anabolic reactions. |
| Anabolism (use energy). | ADP +P -> ATP |
| Catabolism (release energy) | ATP -> ADP + P |
| the main source for energy production is | carbohydrates. |
| Organisms will catabolize carbohydrates down to | monosaccharides |
| Monosaccharides are then processed into | ATP |
| Two types of catabolism | Aerobic & Anerobic |
| Aerobic | oxygen present |
| Anerobic | no oxygen present |
| Aerobes bacteria that can only grow in | the presence of oxygen |
| Anerobes bacteria | despise oxygen and only grow without it. |
| Some bacteria are "in between" | facultative anaerobes |
| Aerobic Respiration | Oxygen Required |
| Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38 P -> | 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration the total of 3 different steps | Glycolysis , Krebs, Electron Transport Chain |
| Glycolysis End product is | 2 molecules of ATP |
| Glycolysis, 4 are made but | two are used up during the 1st and 2nd phosphorylations. |
| Glycolysis First product is | glucose |
| Glycolysis Last product is | Pyruvic acid (2) |
| Alternatives to Glycolysis | Enter-Doudoroff pathway & Pentose Phosphate Pathway |
| Enter-Doudoroff pathway Results in | 1ATP & Used by some Gram negative, NOT in G+ |
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | Can be simultaneously with glycolysis, Breaks down 5C sugars, Results in 1ATP, Used by Gram negative and Gram positive |
| Krebs (citric acid) cycle (TCA) | Pyruvic acid (2) produced during glycolysis is used during TCA, Results in the production of 2ATP |
| H+ is an | electron |
| NAD and FADH are | electron acceptors |
| Throughout glycolysis and TCA NAD-> | NADH |
| Throughout glycolysis and TCA FADH-> | FADH2 |
| NAD -> NADH and TCA FADH -> FADH2 These electrons are carried to the | final step... |
| Electron Transport System, Electrons generated in former two steps are carried in | NADH and FADH2 |
| Electron Transport System, Many enzymes involved, most importantly | ATP synthase |
| Electron Transport System, Results in | 34 ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis yeilds | 2 ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration Krebs cycle yields | 2 ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration Electro transport yields | 34 ATP |
| Aerobic Respiration TOTAL ATP per Glucose | 38 |
| Anaerobic Respiration No | oxygen is present |
| Anaerobic Respiration Starts with | Glycolysis |
| Anaerobic Respiration Uses part of the | Kreb's Cycle |
| Anaerobic Respiration Yields more than | 2 ATP but less than 36 |
| Anaerobic Respiration These bacteria grow | very slowly |
| Anaerobic Respiration Not | energy efficient |
| Fermentation Meaning the complete | oxidation of glucose |
| Fermentation Anaerobic yields | 2 ATP |
| Fermentation Starts with | glycolysis |
| Three types of Fermentation | acidic fermentation, Alcohol fermentation, Mixed acid fermentation |
| Alcoholic fermentation | when yeast or bacteria have metabolic pathways for converting pyruvic acid to ethanol |
| Acidic fermentation | when bacteria ferment pyruvate to lactic acid |
| Mixed acid fermentation | when bacteria ferment pyruvate to many different acids at the same time |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Starts with | Pyruvic Acid |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Ends with | 2 ATP and 2 Lactic Acid |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Energy stored in | Lactic Acids |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Process is used to produce | cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, rye bread, summer sausage. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid makes | spoiled milk sour |
| Alcohol Fermentation Starts with | pyruvic acid |
| Alcohol Fermentation End with | 2 ATP and 2 ethanols |
| Alcohol Fermentation Energy is stored in | ethanols |
| Alcohol Fermentation Used for the | production of beer, fuel, wine. |
| Other types of fermentation are used to make | pharmaceuticals, fuel, cheeses, flavorings, vitamin C and industrial uses. |
| Photosynthesis Conducted by | certain bacteria (phototrophs) |
| Photosynthesis Once called blue-green algae now called | cyanobacteria |
| Photosynthesis Convert light into | carbohydrates to be used for energy |
| enzymes | catalysts |
| ADP + P -> ATP | Anabolism |
| ATP -> ADP + P | Catabolism |
Combine with other sets
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