| Term | Definition |
|---|
| monocots | angiosperms that have only one seed leaf |
| eudicots | any angiosperm having two cotyledons |
| root system | All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food. |
| shoot system | The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers. |
| stems | Transport substances between roots and leaves. |
| axillary buds | located at the top end of the stem and is where growth usually occurs |
| apical buds | terminal bud with developing leaves and compact series of nodes and internodes |
| leaves | The main photosynthetic organs of vascular plants. |
| blade | especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole |
| petiole | the slender stem that supports the blade of a leaf |
| vascular tissue | tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants |
| dermal tissue | outer covering or "skin" of a plant |
| ground tissue | make up the "rest" of the plant tissue; three main types are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
| xylem | the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels |
| phloem | (botany) tissue that conducts synthesized food substances (e.g., from leaves) to parts where needed |
| epidermis | The dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. |
| cell walls | a rigid layer of organic material surrounding delicate cell membranes of bacteria |
| middle lamella | the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| primary wall | The first thin, pliable wall of young plant cells. |
| secondary wall | In woody plants, composed of cellulose microfibrils, much thicker than primary, located between plasma membrane and primary wall, the thicker it is the stiffer the cell is, same composition as primary wall |
| plasmodesmata | Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. |
| parenchyma | animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels |
| collenchyma | type of ground tissue cell with a strong, flexible cell wall; helps support larger plants |
| sclerenchyma | type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong |
| fibers | A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles. |
| sclereids | Short irregular sclerenchyma cells in nuteshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchyma of some plants. |
| tracheids | A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin. |
| vessel elements | A short, wide, water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to form micropipes called vessels. |
| companion cells | phloem cells that are surrounded by sieve tube elements |
| primary plant body | The tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots. |
| secondary plant body | consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| meristems | specialized tissues that divide embryonic cells that enable plants to grow their entire lives |
| apical meristems | Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. |
| protoderm | The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots. |
| procambium | produces primary xylem and primary phloem (vascular tissue) |
| root apical meristem | responsible for growth of the root |
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