BIOLOGY FINALS
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Kaelamariie on June 9, 2012
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9th Grade
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102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Prophase | the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes |
| Metaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle |
| Anaphase | a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate |
| Telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| Cyclins | proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
| Surface area to volume ratio | Determines a cells efficiency to take in and out nutrients. When a cell is too large it can die from starvation or poisoning from waste. Usually once the cell is to large it will divide. |
| Cancer Cells | Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body - UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION |
| Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform the same function |
| organs | a structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform body functions |
| Mitosis | Process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing the same number of chromosomes. CREATES BODY CELLS |
| Meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells |
| Crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups |
| phosphate breaks off | How do cells get energy from ATP? |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| cell respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis |
| Light-Dependent Reactions | Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| light-independent Reactions | set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle |
| Glycolysis | in cellular respiration, series of ananerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of two ATP molecules |
| Citric acid cycle | in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain |
| Electron transport chain | in cellular respiration the most energy is transported during this process |
| Final Acceptor | oxygen is called this because it is the last molecule in the electron transport chain to accept electrons. Bonds with H2 and makes water (H2O) |
| Parts of ATP | adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate group |
| 2 | How much ATP is produced in Glycolysis? |
| 2 | How much ATP is produced in the Citric Acid cycle? |
| 32 | How much ATP is produced in the electron transport chain? |
| lactic fermentation | A process that supplies energy when there is small or no oxygen. forms 2 molecules of ATP |
| genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis |
| phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| alleles | The different forms of a gene. |
| haploid | cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells (n) |
| diploid | cell with two of each kind of chromosome; , or 2n, number of chromosomes |
| gametes | sex cells |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| law of segregation | Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete |
| Law of independent assortment | mendel's law that each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| incomplete dominance | creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other |
| multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
| polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division. |
| sex-linked traits | traits that are dominant or recessive depending on gender, disorder pertinent to gender, ie females cant be colorblind..traits can only be carried or present on X or female gene |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. |
| Double helix | Spiral-staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule |
| parts of DNA | Phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A, C, T, G), sugar (Deoxyribose) |
| Phosphate and Sugar | DNA backbone |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins. |
| mRNA | type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis |
| rRNA | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
| transcription | (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA. IN NUCLEUS |
| translation | the process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. IN RIBOSOMES |
| Point Mutation | a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed |
| Frameshift mutation | a mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame |
| deletion | the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome |
| insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
| inversion | (genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed |
| translocation | change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| 3.4 billion years ago | when did the geological time scale begin? |
| precambrian | Name for the time in earths early history that accounts for ninety percent of earth's time, but only cellular organisms lived. BACTERIA |
| paleozoic | an era occurring between 570 million and 230 million years ago, characterized by the advent of fish, insects, and reptiles |
| Mesozoic | An era with the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods from 251 to 65.5 M years ago, marked by dinosaurs, gymnosperms and angiosperms, as well as the mass extinction at the end of the period. First BIRDS |
| cenozoic | noting or pertaining to the present era, beginning 65 million years ago and characterized by the ascendancy of mammals. HUMANS |
| half-life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay |
| miller and urey | Experiments suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from similar compounds present on a primitive Earth |
| sidney fox | American scientist who created protocells by heating amino acids. |
| spontaneous generation | the idea that living things come from nonliving things (Disproven). |
| biogenesis | theory that living things come only from other living things |
| Redi's experiment | proved that maggots do not spontaneously generate from deteriorating meat. |
| camouflage | Enables species to blend with it's surroundings |
| mimicry | enables one species to resemble another |
| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor |
| analogous structures | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function |
| vestigial structures | structures once necessary in ancestral forms, but no longer needed today |
| adaptive radiation | evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments |
| speciation | the formation of new species as a result of evolution |
| divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time |
| stabilizing selection | natural selection that favors the average individuals in a population |
| gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily |
| directional selection | occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait |
| convergent evolution | the process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment |
| disruptive selection | natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait |
| punctuated equilibrium | a theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change |
| gene pool | the combined genetic information of all members of a particular population |
| genetic drift | The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events |
| allelic frequency | percentage of any specific allele in a populations gene pool |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population |
| bipedal | walking upright on two legs |
| classification | The division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on specific characteristics |
| taxonomy | the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species |
| cladistics | classification based on common ancestry |
| binomial nomenclature | a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name |
| cladogram | diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on derived characters; resembles a timeline |
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