Chapter 12 Study Guide
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is the time period known as in Europe from about 500-1300 AD? | Middle Ages Medieval Age |
| What is the more common name of the Merovingians? | The Franks |
| Who was their 1st ruler to accept Christianity after he took power in 481 AD? | Clovis |
| What important accomplishment was Charles Martel known for when he took power in 714? | He repelled the Muslim invasion from Spain into France in 732 AD at the Battle of Tours |
| What were Charlemagne's 3 major accomplishments as ruler? | -He doubled the size of his kingdom (parts of present day France, Germany, and Italy) -he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD |
| How did Charlemagne use counts and missi dominici to help rule his government? | -counts stopped feuds, protected the weak, and provided men for his army -missi dominici were the kings inspectors who went around his kingdom to check on the performance of the courts and other government workers |
| What happened to Charlemagne's lands following his death and that of his son Louis the Pious? | His kingdom was broken into 3 parts by Louis' sons |
| What 4 groups of people invaded Europe from 800 to 1000 AD? | the Muslims, the Slavs, the Magyars and the Vikings |
| What were 3 results of their invasions? | -communities because isolated -power of the monarchies was weakened -trade declined |
| What was the political system call that grew out of the viking raids on Europe? | feudalism |
| What are the 3 main characteristics of it? | -decentralized government -stressed alliances (between king and vassals) -gave land (a fief) to nobles (vassals) in exchange to loyalty and military aid |
| Under this system of government , what 3 powers were nobles granted over their lands? | raised armies dispensed justice minted their own coins |
| What did they have to promise in return to the king? | loyalty and military service |
| What were the mounted warriors called in the middle ages? | knights |
| What is meant by the code of chivalry that they were supposed to follow? | code of behavior for how a knight should behave |
| if feudalism was the political system that was created in the Middle Ages, what was the economic system called that grew out of it? | manorialism (the manor system) |
| Why were peasants willing to work for a noble/lord in this type of system? | they wanted stability and security |
| How are peasants and serfs different? | Peasants had to pay rents for living on a lord's manor serfs worked the lands and could not leave it without the lord's permission |
| What were 2 ways that farm production was increased during this time period? | used a heavy wooden plow to dig deeper into the solid used a 3-field crop rotation to increase sil fertility |
| Who was the chief spiritual, political, and religious leader of western Europe during the Middle Ages? | the pope |
| What was the main language of the Catholic church? | latin |
| Who made up each of the secular and religious clergy AND what was the difference between them? | Secular Clergy- pope, bishops, and priests (lived in world) Religious Clergy- monks and nuns (lived in seclusion) |
| What is the primary goal of a monastery or convent? | to create a secluded religious community set up for monks or nuns to live |
| Who was in charge of a monastery or convent? | abbot (monastery) and abbess (convent) |
| What were 8 activities that monasteries and convent did that had a lasting impact of medieval society | -copied ancient religious & classical writings -created illuminated manuscripts, tapestries and banners -set up schools for young people -hospitals for the sick -food for the needy -guest houses for travelers -taught skills to peasants (carpentry & weaving) -became missionaries to spread Christianity to other parts of Europe |
| What was the conflict that many high Catholic Church officials had in carrying out their duties | many high church officials were also nobles in the king's court |
| Who usually controlled the local churches in many countries? | kings and noblesf |
| How did they change the way the pope was elected in 1059 AD to try to get away from this influence? | that the cardinals (high church officials) would elect the pope rather than secular leaders like lords and kings |
| What were the courts that the Catholic Church started in 1232 AD to try to stop people who did not strictly follow their teachings | the courts of inquisition |
| What is the term for not following the church's strict teachings? | heresy |
| What were the punishments if you were found guilty of not following the Church's basic beliefs? | -excommunication (kicked out of church) -loss of property -death |
| How were friars different than monks? | wandering preachers (priests0 who depended on food and shelter from others to survive |
| Who were the 2 best known groups of friars during this time period | Franciscans and Dominicans |
| Who was the leader of England that finally defeats the Danish Vikings in 886 AD to set up and independent country? | Alfred the Great |
| After the death of the Anglo Saxon kings what 2 leaders fight for control of England in 1066 AD? | William (Duke of Normandy) Harold Godwinson (chosen by English nobles as king) |
| Who wins? | William the Conqueror |
| In what 5 ways does he strengthen his power over the country? | -takes Anglo Saxon lands for himself -gives some lands to his vassals (lords/ Nobles) -vassals swear direct loyalty to him -sets up councils to advise him on taxes -names local sheriffs to collect taxes |
| Why did English nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta? | -had lost English land in France -increased taxes and punished enemies without trials |
| What 2 rights did this documents guarantee that made it so important? | -king could not collect taxes without consent of the Great Council (of Lords) -assured people the right to trial by jury |
| By what terms dit eh English reperesentative government become known as over time? | Great Council >>> Parliament (which splits between House of Lords and House of Commons) |
| Around 1200 AD, what new social class begins to develop in England, and elsewhere in Europe? | middle class (burgesses): business, trade, merchants |
| List in order the typical social class structure of Medieveal society | -kings/queens -nobles/lords/vassals -clergy -middle class (burgesses) -peasants -serfs |
| Who established a new monarchy in France in 987 AD? | High Capet |
| Where was his capital city? | Paris |
| Unlike the Franks before him, how was he able to establish a smooth transfer of power? | -only his eldest son inherited the throne (and lands and power) |
| What were 6 ways that the kings that followed him weakened the power of feudal rulers in France? | -granted self government to towns -formed permanent armies -appointed local officials loyal to the king -created royal courts -minted coins -banned private warfare |
| What body did Philip IV establish to try to raise taxes for the crown? | Estates-GEneral |
| Why were the leaders of Germany weak in comparison to those of England and France? | because of disputes with the pope and German nobles |
| WHy di teh pope crown King Otto I Holy Roman Emperor? | because he helped the pope against Roman nobles who had opposed him |
| What conflict erupted between the Holy Roman Emperor and the pp[es? | -Holy roman emperors claimed the right to appoint and depose popes -popes claimed right to anoint and depose kings |
| What agreement was made between the 2 sides in 1122 AD and hos did it resolve his conflict? | The concordat of Worms Emperor could appoint bishops and grant them land but the pope could reject unworthy candidates |
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