bio chapter 15
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17 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 selective breeding | only allowing animals with wanted characteristics to produce the next generation humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms breeding organisms with different characteristics, want to get a combo of their best traits |
| hybridization | crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms, hybrids made form these crosses are often hardier than the parents picking only organisms with good traits to breed, |
| inbreeding | the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics, many breeds of dogs are continued using this practice mating of organisms with similar characteristics like mating with a family member, often both have similar mutations, become dominant and they are expressed |
| increasing variation | breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of biological diversity |
| biotechnology | the application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms applying scientific advancements to living things |
| polymerase chain reaction | at one end of the original DNA, a biologist adds a short piece of DNA that complements a portion of the sequence, at the other end another short piece of complementary DNA is added. these short pieces aka primers because they prepare/prime a place for DNA polymerase to start working. the first step in using the polymerase chain reaction method to copy a gene is to heat a piece of DNA, which separates the two strands. then, as the DNA cools, primers bind to the single strands. next, DNA polymerase starts copying the region b/t the primers. these copies can serve as templates to make still more copies machine copies DNA but messes up a lot |
| recombinant DNA | DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources recombinant DNA technology-joining together DNA from two or more sources-makes it possible to change he genetic composition of living organisms a new combination of two different DNA types, copying and changing DNA can use bacteria, or PCR bacteria- cut open so put in another source of DNA can come in if they both have cuts that match up, DNA fragment goes into the same spot, sticky ends hybridize and joined (stuck together) by DNA ligase enzyme. trasformation (picking up stuff like in griffith's experiment) some pick up recombinant plasmid put into thing with ampicillin so only ampicillin resistant ones will grow and multiply, plasmids go to each daughter cells bacterial colony |
| plasmids | small circular DNA molecules in some bacteria have in addition to their own chromosomes "Extra DNA" could be helpful in a bad situation |
| genetic marker | a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don't |
| transgenic | containing genes from other species transgenic organisms can be produced by the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism an organism that contains recombinant DNA, an organism in which the genes have been artificially changed GMOs (genetically modified organisms) can be transgenic |
| clone | a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell Dolly- cloned using specialized "adult" cells cell from sheep mammary gland (breast) turn back clock so it's like a stem cell, todipotent |
| applications of genetic engineering | GM (genetically modified) crops crop-plant used for food/industry, built in insecticide, took gene so didn't have to deal with it, does it naturally produced GM animals animals with antibacterial milk, better meat |
| health and medecine | animals used to save humans, human genes into animals so they have our necessary proteins |
| gene therapy | replacing faulty or absent genes with normal, working ones put DNA in altered virus, back into cells, into you, how they work |
| genetic testing | test babies for PKU (phlenyketoneria) phenylalaine- if can't break down, neurological problems |
| DNA fingerprinting | use segments of DNA not coding for anything, like telomeres, introns forensic science- science of crime scene evidence |
| establishing relationships | mitochondrial DNA- mom y chromosome- dad |
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