Microbiology Chapter 3
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163 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 1. Cytoplasm2. Cytoplasmic Membrane 3. Nucleus (Ekuaryote) or Nucleoid (Prokaryote) 4. Ribsomes 5. Cell Wall | Basic Cellular Structures |
| Ribosomes | Used in protein synthesis and are NOT organelles |
| Prokaryote and Eukaryote | Two types of cells |
| Prokaryote | Simpler internal structure and lack membrane-enclosed organelles |
| Bacteria and Archaea | Examples of Prokaryotes |
| Eukaryote | Larger, more complex and have membrane-enclosed organelles |
| Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, Animals | Examples of Eukaryotes |
| Viruses | Non-cellular, reproduce only inside of a host cell, and lack many characteristics of living things |
| What virus causes colds? | Rhinoviruses |
| What virus causes rabies? | Rhabdovirus |
| In a bacterial cell, the cytoplasm is surrounded by this lipid membrane boundry | Envelope |
| What contains DNA in the cytoplasm of a Bacterial Cell? | Nucleoid |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane | "Fluid" selective permeability barrier made of phospholipids and proteins that form a bilayer with a hydrophillic exterior and hydrophobic interior |
| "Leaflet" | Each layer in the phospholipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane is called a? |
| Phospholipid | Glycerol with ester links to 2 fatty acids |
| Hydrophilic | Group that faces the cytoplasm or periplasm (dissolve in water) |
| Hydrophobic | Fatty acids lined up inside the membrane (don't dissolve in water) |
| Selective Permeability | The result of the attraction of nonpolar fatty acid portions of one phospholipid layer for other layer |
| Integral Membrane Proteins | These span the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Peripheral Membrane Proteins | These are bound to the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane |
| 1. Permeability Barrier 2. Structural Support 3. Energy Conservation | Functions of the Cytoplasmic Membrane |
| Permeability Barrier | Prevents leakage of cytoplasmic metabolites into the environment and transportation of substances (nutrients and waste products) into and out of the cell |
| Water and small, uncharged particles | What are the only things that can freely diffuse through the membrane due to the hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside? |
| Structural Support | Site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics and chemotaxis |
| Energy Conservation | Site of generation and use of the protein motive force |
| Mitochondria | Generates energy by respiration in eukaryotes |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane | Where does respiration occur in prokaryotes? |
| Respiration and Photosynthesis | Two forms of energy conservation |
| Chloroplasts | Photosynthetic eukaryotes carry out photosynthesis here |
| Cytoplasmic Membrane | Photosynthetic prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis here |
| Sterols | What do eukaryotes use to reinforce their cytoplasmic membrane? |
| Cholesterol | What is an example of a sterol? |
| Hopanoids | What do Bacteria use to reinforce their cytoplasmic membrane? |
| Terpanoids | What do Archaea use to reinforce their cytoplasmic membrane by increasing the stability at high temperatures and low pH? |
| Peptidoglycan (murein) | A porous cage-like structure that makes up the bacterial cell wall. |
| Sacculus | The bacterial cell wall |
| N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acytelmuramic acid (NAM) | Two sugars that make up the backbone of peptidoglycan |
| Crosslinks | Short chains of amino acids that hold the sugars together |
| Meso-Diaminopimelate (mDAP) | Unusual amino acid found in the crosslinks of Gram negative bacteria |
| Provides rigidity and shape to the cell and prevents it from exploding due to high pressure inside the cell | Function of Peptidoglycan |
| Antibiotics | Since peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria, what is it a great target for? |
| Transpeptidase | What does Penicillin inhibit that is the crosslink for the peptides? |
| Beta-lactamase | This is produced by many organisms and it cleaves the lactam ring of penicillin, inactivating the penicillin |
| Archaea | Lack peptidoglycan so their cell walls are made of other polysaccharides such as pseudopeptidoglycan, have a paracrystalline surface layer cell wall, or have S-layers |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria | Only have a few layers of peptidoglycan--thin |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | Have many layers (up to 40) of peptidoglycan |
| Teichoic Acids | The cell walls of Gram-positive Bacteria are reinforced by these negatively charged acids |
| L-lysine | The crosslinks within peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria contain this |
| Lysozyme | Enzyme that destroys peptidoglycan, leading to cell lysis |
| Lysozyme | What is found in animal secretions and is thought to be major line of defense against infections by bacteria? |
| Outer lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer and inner phospholipid layer | What makes up the lipid bilayer of a Gram-Negative bacteria? |
| Proteins (porins) | These are found within the membrane of a Gram-negative bacteria and are used in transport |
| Endotoxin--lipid A | Toxic portion of the lipopolysacchardie (LPS) layer of the Gram-negative bacteria. It has a toxic effect on humans and is released when the cell dies |
| Porins | Transmembrane proteins that allow for permeability through the outer membrane by creating channels that cross the membrane |
| Non-specific Porins | Water-filled channels through which small substances can pass |
| Specific Porins | Channels with binding sites for certain molecules that only allow those molecules to pass through |
| Periplasm | Space between the outer and cytoplasmic membrane of a Gram-negative Bacteria |
| Hydrolytic enzymes and Nutrient Transporter Binding proteins | Proteins that are contained in the periplasm of a Gram-negative Bacteria |
| Capsule, S layer, Thick Cell wall, Thin Periplasm, and Cytoplasmic Membrane | The Gram-Positive Envelope from the outside in contains: |
| Capsule | Part of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative envelopes that is made of a polysaccharide; not all species have it |
| S Layer | Part of the Gram-positive envelope that is made of proteins |
| Thick Cell Wall | Part of the Gram-positive envelope that is made of amino acids crosslinks in peptidoglycan. Contains Techoic acids for strength |
| Capsule, Outer Membrane, Thin Cell Wall, Thick Periplasm, and Cytoplasmic Membrane | The Gram-negative envelope from the outside in contains: |
| Outer Membrane | Part of the Gram-negative envelope that is made of lipopolysacchardies |
| Thin Cell Wall | Part of the Gram-negative envelope that is made of amino acid crosslinks in peptidoglycan |
| Genome | A cell's complete set of genes |
| Chromosomes | What is DNA arranged to form? |
| Plasmids | Prokaryotes have a singular circular chromosome and sometimes circular extrachromosomal DNA called |
| Several Linear | Eukaryotes contain chromosomes. |
| Nucleus | Membrane-enclosed structure found in eukaryotes that contains the chromosomes |
| Nucleoid | Mass of DNA found in prokaryotes that is not bound by a membrane |
| The Bacterial Nucleoid | Single loop of double stranded DNA that is attached to the cell envelope--no membrane separtes DNA from cytoplasm ~4e6 bp in many bacteria. |
| Supercoiling | The bacterial nucleoid is compacted via |
| Binary Fission | The growth of most microorganisms occurs by |
| Septum | A cell elongates slightly as it grows and the cytoplasm pinches in the middle at this location |
| Crosswall | Where the cell actually divides and adds a new wall at the cell equator |
| Bidirectionally | This is how DNA replicates, allowing it to begin the next replication before the cell divides |
| Septation | Occurs at the equator of the cell so that there is an equal division and each daughter cell has the same shape |
| Divisome | Division apparatus in the cell formed by Fts proteins |
| Fts Proteins | Required for cell division and chromosome replication |
| FtsZ Protein | Defines the division protein plane in prokaryotes; polymerizes to form a ring where the cell division will occur |
| FtsA Protein | ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme; provides energy for assembly of other proteins to the ring |
| Ftsl Protein | Involved in peptidoglycan synthesis for the new cell wall. Activity is blocked by penicillin |
| MreB | Helps define cell shape by directionally exerting pressure against CM |
| Filamentous Sprial Shaped Bands | MreB forms these bands around the inside of the cell under the cytoplasmic membrane |
| MreB | Coccus shaped bacteria lack this gene and therefore take on the default spherical bacteria shape |
| Glycan Units | These are inserted into preexisting wall material to synthesize a new cell wall during bacterial growth |
| Autolysins | Creates openings in existing cell wall to make space for new cell wall glycans to be inserted |
| Autolysis (Spontaneous Cell Lysis) | May occur if there is an error in inserting new cell wall material |
| Bactoprenol | Hydrophobic lipid alcohol that binds N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, and pentapide peptidoglycan precursors. Helps transport these new glycan unites through CM to become part of the growing cell wall |
| Transpeptidation | Formation of peptide crosslinks between NAMs and bonds peptidoglycan precursors into expanding peptidoglycan layer. Reaction is inhibited by penicillin and cell lysis occurs |
| Inclusion Granules | Densley compacted in the cytoplasm |
| Cell Inclusions | Prokaryotic cells often contain these granules that function as storage material or to orient the cell |
| Magnetosomes | Intracellular particles of magnetite that allow the organism to respond to a magnetic field |
| Anaerobic areas like mud or at the bottom of lakes | Where can magnetosomes be found? |
| 1. Glycogen 2. Magnetosomes 3. Polyphsophate 4. Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate 5. Sulfur | What are examples of inclusion granules? |
| Polyphosphate | Inclusion granule that stores inorganic phosphate in prokaryotic cells |
| Glycogen and Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate | Inclusion granules that are used as a carbon and energy source |
| Sulfur | Inclusion granule that is used as an energy source in prokaryotic cells; some gram-negative prokaryotes can store this in its elemental form in globules in the periplasm |
| Fimbriae | Non-motile extensions that help bacteria attach to surfaces and to other bacteria; NOT for motility, strictly for attachment |
| Pili | Hollow, non-motile tubes made of protein called pilin that connect some cells. They are longer than fimbriae and shorter than flagella |
| Conjugation | PIli are used to move DNA from one cell to another by this process |
| Capsule/Slime Layer/Gycocalyx | Sticky polsaccharide layer surrounding the cell and helps the cell attach to objects |
| Phagocytosis and Dessication | The capsule protects the cell from: |
| Flagella | Long, helical protein filaments that is attached at the ends or over the whole cell |
| Proton Passage | Drives the CW or CCW rotation of the flagella to propel the cell |
| Rotate | Movement of bacterial flagella |
| Whip-Like Motion | Movement of eukaryotic flagella |
| Monotrichous | Single flagellum at one end; when it looks more like a tail |
| Lophotrichous | Several flagella at one or both sides |
| Peritrouchous | Several flagella all around the cell |
| Amphitirichous | One flagella on each end |
| Basal Body, Hook, and Filament | 3 parts that make up the structure of the flagella |
| Basal Body | Imbedded within the cell envelope |
| Central Rod | The basal body is made of 2 or 4 protein rings connected by a |
| C ring | G+ and G- |
| MS ring | G+ and G- |
| P ring | G- only |
| L ring | G-only |
| C ring | Ring that is located in the cytoplasm and attaches to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane |
| MS ring | Ring that is located in the cytoplasmic membrane |
| P ring | Ring that is located in the peptidoglycan layer |
| L ring | Ring that is located in the LPS layer |
| Hook | Curved structure made of protein; connects filament to basal body |
| Filament | Long, rigid, helical structures made of a protein call flagellin |
| Slime Secretion | Gliding can occur through this way that moves the cell along a solid surface |
| Chemotaxis | Directed movement of organisms in response to chemical signals |
| Phototaxis | Directed movement of organisms in response to light |
| Aerotaxis | Directed movement of organisms in response to oxygen |
| Osmotaxis | Directed movement of organisms in response to ionic strength |
| CCW rotation | Attractants cause what kind of rotation? |
| Flagella bundle together and push the cell forward ("run") | What occurs in CCW rotation? |
| CW rotation | Repellents cause what kind of rotation? |
| Flagella fly apart and "Tumble"--change direction | What occurs in CW rotation? |
| "Random Walk" | What do runs + tumbles cause? |
| Receptors | What detects attractant concentrations like sugars and amino acids? |
| Attractant Concentration | What increases and prolongs the run so that the net movement of bacteria is toward the attractants? |
| Phospholipids and Proteins | What is the cytoplasmic membrane made out of? |
| Hydrophilic | The outside layer of the cytoplasmic membrane is? |
| Hydrophobic | The inside layer of the cytoplasmic membrane is? |
| Transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis | The structural support function of the cytoplasmic membrane is the sit of many proteins involved in? |
| Peptidoglycan (Bacterial Cell Wall) | What consists of sugar chains wrapped in circles around the cell that are linked to each other by short chains of amino acids? |
| "Sweet" | "Glyco"=? |
| "Peptide" | Amino Acid=? |
| Chains | The backbone sugars of peptidoglycan are arranged in? |
| Between N-acytelmuramic acids | Where are the crosslinks located for peptidoglycan? |
| Peptidoglycan | What is a great target for antibiotics? |
| Resistant Straints | Widespread use of antibiotics selects for? |
| Pseudopeptidoglycan | Lysozome doesn't have an effect this, which is what some Archaea cell walls are made of |
| Plasmids | Where are resistant genes usually located on prokaryotes? |
| Under the Cytoplasmic Membrane | Where does MreB form the filamentous spiral shaped bands inside of the cell? |
| Bactoprenol | What helps transfer the new glycan unites through the CM to become part of the growing cell wall? |
| Hydrophobic Lipid Alcohol | What is Bactoprenol? |
| Transpeptidation | What bonds peptidoglycan precursors into the expanding peptidoglycan layer? |
| Spirochetes | What organism is the amphitrichous arrangement typically seen in? |
| 2 | How many protein rings make up a Gram-positive bacteria? |
| 4 | How many protein rings make up a Gram-negative bacteria? |
| C ring and MS ring | What protein rings are seen in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? |
| P ring and L ring | What protein rings are only seen in Gram-negative bacteria? |
| MS ring | What ring is the end of the central rod attached to? |
| The inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane | What is the C ring attached to? |
| Filamentous cyanobacteria, Myxococcus, Cytophage, and Flavobacterium | What prokaryotes move by gliding motility instead of flagella? |
| Taxes | What are the directed movements toward or away from a chemical or physical gradient in the environment known as? |
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