AP Psych Exam: Extra/Advanced Psych
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bookwizard01 on June 10, 2012
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277 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Absolute threshold | level at which one can detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
| Accommodation (Cognition) | the process of modifying a schema to account for new information |
| Achievement Motivation | desire for accomplishment, mastery of people, ideas, things; desire for reaching a high standard |
| Achievement Test | a test that assesses what one has learned |
| Acquisition | a process in classical conditioning by which the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus is first established |
| Activation-Synthesis | the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex interpreting and organizing random flashes of brain activity, originating in the lower brain structures, especially the pons |
| Need for Affiliation | desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships |
| Afterimage | an image that remains after a stimulus is removed, especially one in which the opponent color remains |
| Anterograde Amnesia | loss of memory for events that occur after the onset of the amnesia; loss of ability to convert from short-term memory to long-term memory |
| Retrograde Amnesia | loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; loss of long-term memory |
| Attachment | emotional tie with another person; especially between children and their caregivers |
| Attitude | feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| Attraction | feeling of being drawn toward another and desiring the company of a person |
| Attribution Theory | theory of explaining others' behavior by either one's disposition or one's situation |
| Autonomic Nervous System | division of the nervous system that control the glands and organs without conscious effort; its divisions arouse or calm |
| Availability Heuristic | idea that we estimate the frequency or likelihood of an event depending on how easily we can recall examples of the event |
| Babbling Stage | stage of language development beginning at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds; at around 10 months, starts to utter sounds using familiar phonemes |
| Bottom-Up Processing | analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | theory of emotion that says that a stimulus simultaneously causes phsyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion |
| Catharsis | release of aggressive energy through activity or fantasy |
| Chunking | organizing large amounts information into manageable units |
| Circadian Rhythm | the daily biological rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period |
| Clinical Psychology | studies, assesses and treats those with psychological disorders (but cannot prescribe medication) |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | this says that we will suffer discomfort and act to change the situation when our thoughts and actions seem to be inconsistent |
| Cognitive Therapy | treatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self-defeating thinking and other inappropriate interpretations |
| Confirmation Bias | a tendency to search for information that supports one's preconceptions & ignores information which does not |
| Convergent Thinking | a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one |
| Delta Waves | the largest brain waves, associated with deep, dreamless sleep |
| Delusions | irrational, highly improbable beliefs which have no basis in reality |
| Depth Perception | an ability that we exercise by using both monocular and binocular cues |
| Difference Threshold | also called the just noticeable difference; smallest distinction between two stimuli that can consistently be detected |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect |
| Dispositional Attribution | assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones |
| Divergent Thinking | a type of creative thinking in which one generates many new solutions to problems |
| Dreams | occur mostly during REM sleep; may be caused by activation-synthesis or as a result of repressed thoughts and desires |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | theory of motivation that claims that behavior is driven by a desire to lessen drives resulting from needs that disrupt homeostasis |
| Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | American Psychological Association's book that lists diagnostic criteria for many psychological disorders |
| Echoic Memory | sensory memory of sounds, lasts just a few seconds |
| Ego | the Latin for "I"; in Freud's theories, the mediator between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality |
| Egocentrism | in a toddler, the belief that others perceive the world in the same way that he or she does; inability to see things from another's perspective |
| Encoding | getting info into memory; conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory |
| Episodic Memory | describes a type of memory that includes specific events that one has personally experienced |
| Evolutionary Perspective | perspective that stresses the value of behavior in helping us to survive; examines the adaptive nature of thoughts and behaviors |
| Explicit (Declarative) Memory | term that describes memories that can be consciously recalled; includes episoodic and semantic memory |
| Extinction | in classical conditioning, the process of eliminating the association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus; the behavior is no longer elicited |
| Extraversion | one of the Big 5, a personality trait which orients one's interests toward the outside world and other people, rather than inward |
| Extrinsic Motivation | term that describes motivations that drive behavior in order to gain rewards from outside forces |
| False-Consensus Effect | a belief that others share the same opinion about something, when actually most don't |
| Fetus | last stage of prenatal development extending from about nine weeks after conception to birth |
| Fixed Interval | describes the schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is given after a predictable amount of time |
| Fixed Ratio | describes a schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is given after a predictable number of responses/behaviors |
| Flashbulb Memory | term describes a vivid memory of a personally significant and emotional event |
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | term describes a phenomenon in which people who agree to a small request are more likely to later agree to a larger request |
| Frequency Theory | theory of hearing pitch which states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone's frequency |
| Functional Fixedness | the tendency to think about things only in terms of their usual uses; can be a hindrance to creative thinking |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | tendency to attribute others' behavior to their dispositions and underestimate the importance of situational factors |
| Group Polarization | tendency of similar group members to move to a more extreme position after discussing an issue as a group |
| Groupthink | mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative options |
| Heritability | proportion of variation in a population that can be attributed to genetic variablitiy |
| Heuristic | a useful, but unprovable, cognitive shortcut, such as a "rule of thumb"; does not always guarantee a solution |
| Hindsight Bias | the tendency, after an event occurs, to overestimate the likelihood that an event could have been predicted |
| Hippocampus | limbic system component; converts information from short-term to long-term memory |
| Hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain events or emotions will occur |
| Iconic Memory | sensory memory of images; lasts less than a second |
| In-Group Bias | tendency to favor one's own group over other groups |
| Insight | sudden realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
| Instinct | a complex pattern of behavior that is fixed across a species |
| Interposition | monocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one partially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away |
| Intrinsic Motivation | term that describes motivations that derive from one's interest in the object of the motivation, rather than from rewards that one might gain |
| Introversion | a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones |
| James-Lange Theory | theory of emotion in which physiological arousal precedes the emotion |
| Just World Phenomenon | phenomenon that describes the belief that what happens to people is what they deserve |
| Kinethesis (Proprioception) | sense of knowing where one's body is in space and its movement |
| Latent Content | the hidden or disguised meaning of dreams |
| Latent Learning | a change in behavior due to experience acquired without conscious effort |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated, and those with negative behaviors tend not to |
| Lens | a curved, transparent element of the vision system that provides focus |
| Lesion | any destruction or damage to brain tissue |
| Long-Term Memory | refers to memory that is stored effectively in the brain and may be accessed over an extended period of time |
| Long-Term Potentiation | a possible source of the formation of memories; improvement in a neuron's ability to transmit caused by repeated stimulations |
| Lucid Dreaming | describes a dream in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and is able to influence the progress of the dream narrative |
| Eidetic Memory | describes a type of visual memory that is retained for a long time; photographic memory |
| Manifest Content | describes, in Freudian terms, the surface content of a dream |
| Medulla | part of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure |
| Mental Age | developed by Binet; chronological age which corresponds to the level of mental functioning |
| Mere Exposure Effect | this phenomenon causes one to prefer a stimulus as a consequence of repeated exposures to that stimulus, particularly if there is no adverse result of the exposure |
| Metacognition | thinking about thinking |
| Monocular Cue | the sort of enviromental cues to depth perception that only require one eye |
| Morpheme | in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
| Motion Parallax | a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene |
| Motor Cortex | an area of the brain, near the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls voluntary movement |
| Motor Nerves (Efferent) | these carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles |
| Negative Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, removing something unpleasant in order to elicit more of a particular behavior |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons |
| Night Terrors | characterized by increased arousal during Stage 4 sleep in which individual might scream or thrash around |
| Norm | an understood rule for social behavior |
| NREM Sleep | refers to sleep during which there is no rapid eye movement; Stages 1-4 |
| Olfactory Bulb | brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose |
| Optic Chiasm | the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing |
| Opponent-Process Theory (Emotion) | theory of emotion which says that an opposing emotion will counter the primary emotion until the opposing emotion is stronger |
| Out-Group | generally, any group that one does not belong to |
| Overconfidence | a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's judgment; tendency to be more confident than correct |
| Overjustification Effect | a paradoxical situation in which rewarding a person's efforts on a task done for primarily intrinsic reasons tends to lead to lower, not higher, performance |
| Parallel Processing | handling information in such a way that two or more streams of information are handled at once; usually done unconsciously |
| Phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Pituitary Gland | gland that is the master gland of the endocrine system; regulates homeostasis, other glands |
| Place Theory | the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrae |
| Plasticity | the ability of the brain to adapt to damage by reorganizing functions |
| Positive Psychology | field of study which concentrates on good psychological traits such as contentment and joy; it also studies character traits such as wisdom, integrity and altruism |
| Proactive Interference | when prior learning disrupts the recall of new information |
| Projective Test | term describes a personality test in which ambiguous stimuli trigger revelation of inner feelings, thoughts |
| Prosocial Behavior | term describes behavior that is positive, constructive, altruistic |
| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective | perspective of psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious tensions are emphasized to see their influence on behavior and thought processes |
| Punishment | intended to reduce the occurrence of a behavior |
| Random Assignment | term that describes assignment in which all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to the control group or to the experimental group |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | conscious repetition of information in order to fix it in memory |
| Reliability | consistent results on psychological measurements |
| REM Sleep | describes sleep in which vivid dreams occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses |
| Replication | redoing a study to see if similar findings will result |
| Representativeness Heuristic | this cognitive short cut causes one to generalization based on how closely a stimulus matches a typical member of a class |
| Retroactive Interference | when new learning disrupts the recall of previously-learned information |
| Scapegoat Theory | this theory says that having suffered negative experiences, an individual might blame an innocent person or group for the experience and subsequently mistreat the person or group |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | term describes conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus for one experiment becomes the unconditioned stimulus in another experiment so that another neutral stimulus can be made to elicit the original unconditioned response |
| Selective Attention | this term describes the situation when you are focused on certain stimuli in the environment |
| Self-Serving Bias | the tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces |
| Semantics | in language, study of meanings of words |
| Sensorimotor Stage | Piaget's stage in which the child explores the world through interaction of his mouth and hands with the environment |
| Sensory Adaptation | reduced responsiveness caused by prolonged stimulation |
| Serial Position Effect | when recalling information, the items most likely to be remembered are at the beginning and end of the list; middle items will be forgotten |
| Set Point | the point at which one's body tries to maintain weight |
| Sexual Response Cycle | four stages are excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution |
| Short-Term Memory (Working Memory) | type of memory that holds a few items briefly before they are lost; part of memory process which makes decisions |
| Signal Detection Theory | this theory predicts how and in what circumstances we can detect a stimulus; assumes there is no single absolute threshold |
| Socio-Cultural Perspective | a perspective of psychology that emphasizes effects on behavior and thinking of one's culture and the people around one |
| Social Exchange | a theory that suggests that our behavior is based on maximizing benefits and minimizing costs |
| Social Facilitation | a phenomenon in which we perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others |
| Social Learning Theory | a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others |
| Somatic Nervous System | a division of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movements |
| Spontaneous Recovery | in classical conditioning the re-occurence of a conditioned response after going through extinction |
| Standard Deviation | a computation of how much scores vary around a mean |
| Temperament | personality component that is characterized by emotional excitability and is genetically determined |
| Threshold | level of stimulation a neuron must meet in order to depolarize (have an action potential) |
| Transduction | changing stimulus energy in the environment into neural impulses, understandable to the brain |
| Unconditioned Response | the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | it elicits the unconditioned response |
| Actor Observer Bias | when we tend to attribute our own behavior to our circumstances but tend to attribute the behaviors of others we observe to their dispositions |
| Accommodation (Sensation) | process by which the lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| Acoustic Encoding | encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| Active Listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies (a feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy) |
| Acuity | sharpness of vision |
| Adaptation-Level Phenomenon | tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience; tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level |
| Aversive Conditioning | type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior |
| Belief Bias | tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |
| Biological Rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations |
| Catharsis Hypothesis | releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges |
| Concept | mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| Primary Reinforcer | a stimulus which is naturally reinforcing (fulfills a biological need) |
| Conditioned Stimulus | an originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing desired behavior each time it occurs |
| Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement | reinforcing a desired behavior less often than each time it occurs |
| Convergence | binocular cue for perceiving depth; extent to which eyes converge inward when looking at an object; the greater the inward strain, the closer the object |
| Counterconditioning | behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors |
| Creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
| Critical Period | optimal period when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
| Culture | enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Stimulus Discrimination | in conditioning, learned ability to distinguish between the stimuli which lead to a particular response and other similar stimuli |
| Emotion | response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience |
| Emotional Intelligence | ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
| Empiricism | view that knowledge comes from experience and that science flourishes through observation and experiment |
| Equity | a conditionin which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory | memory whose retention is independent of conscious recollection, include procedural memories and effects of conditioning |
| Extrasensory Perception (ESP) | controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition |
| Factor Analysis | statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score |
| Farsightedness (Hyperopia) | faraway objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects; image of near objects is focused behind the retina |
| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood |
| Framing | the way an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
| Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic) | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs |
| Identical Twins (Monozygotic) | twins who develop from the same fertilized egg |
| Frustration-Aggression Principle | frustration (the blocking if an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger which can generate aggression |
| Gate-Control Theory | idea that spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" which blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain |
| General Intelligence (g) | factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities |
| Stimulus Generalization | in conditioning, responding the same way to the stimuli which was originally conditioned and other similar stimuli |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; commonly used with infants |
| Illusory Correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |
| Imagery | mental pictures |
| Inattentional Blindness | failing to see the visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| In-group | people with whom one shares a common identity |
| Linguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
| Medical Model | concept that psychological disorders have physical clauses that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured |
| Mental Set | tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Mood-Dependent Memory (Mood-Congruent Memory) | tendency to recall memories consistent with current mood |
| Priming | activating specific associations in memory either consciously or unconsciously |
| Context-Dependent Memory | context in which info was learned can help in retrieval later |
| State-Dependent Memory | tendency to recall memories consistent with current internal state |
| Natural Selection | traits which lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| Nearsightedness (Myopia) | nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina |
| One-Word Stage | stage of language development starting at about one year old; use of one word phrases to convey meaning |
| Two-Word Stage | stage of language development starting at about two years old; use of two word phrases (telegraphic speech) to convey meaning; start to use grammatical rules |
| Telegraphic Speech | two word phrases used to convey meaning |
| Overgeneralization (Overregularization) | overuse of grammatical rules |
| Opponent-Process Theory (Sensation) | opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision |
| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
| Perceptual Set | mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Positive Reinforcement | increasing the frequency of a behavior by presenting a desirable stimulus |
| Posthypnotic Suggestion | suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is not longer hypnotized |
| Posthypnotic Amnesia | inability to remember the events of a hypnosis session |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | sex characteristics necessary for reproduction; typically present at birth |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | sex characteristics which develop during puberty; not necessary for reproduction |
| Prototype | mental image or best example for a particular category |
| Psychophysics | study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
| Recall | measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
| Recognition | measure of memory in which the person need only identify terms previously learned |
| Relearning | memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Reciprocity Norm | expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | repetition that creates associations between memory & existing memories stored in long-term memory |
| Relative Deprivation | perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
| REM Rebound | body's tendency to get more REM sleep after being deprived of it |
| Resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Retinal Disparity | by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object |
| Savant Syndrome | condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill |
| Semantic Encoding | encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Visual Encoding | encoding of picture images |
| Sensorineural/Nerve Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear |
| Sensory Interaction | one sense may influence another |
| Sensory Memory | immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Primacy Effect | tendency to recall the first items of a list |
| Recency Effect | tendency to recall the last items of a list |
| Social Leadership | group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support |
| Task Leadership | goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
| Social Loafing | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Social Trap | situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| Source Amnesia/Source Misattribution | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| Infantile Amnesia | inability to recall explicit memory before the age of 2 or 3 |
| Spacing Effect | tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Spotlight Effect/Imaginary Audience | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, peformance, and blunders |
| Personal Fable | form of egocentrism normally exhibited during early adolescence, and it is characterized by an over-differentiating of one's experiences and feelings from others to the point of assuming those experiences are unique from those of others |
| Standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardized group |
| Statistical Significance | when the difference between the independent and dependent variables was most likely not caused by chance |
| Stereotype Threat | self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
| Stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| Storage | retention of encoded information over time |
| Stress | process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening |
| Stressors | certain stimuli which we perceive as threatening |
| Subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Superordinate Goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
| Survey | technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people |
| Systematic Desensitization | type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxing state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias |
| Flooding | behavior therapy in which an individual is exposed to the item which they fear or find difficult to deal with in a safe environment; eventually the fear response fades away; commonly used to treat phobias |
| Implosive Therapy | behavior therapy in which and individual is exposed to the item which they fear by imagining anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | involuntary movement of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; characteristic of Parkinson's Disease or a side effect of antipsychotic drugs |
| Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |
| Terror-Management Theory | faith in one's world-view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
| THC | major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effect, including mild hallucinations |
| Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
| Top-Down Processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, aw when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| Type A | competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
| Type B | easygoing, relaxed people |
| Vestibular Sense (Equilibrioception) | sense of body movement and balance |
| Visual CaptureVisual Dominance | tendency for vision to dominate the other senses |
| Weber's Law (Weber-Fechner Law) | to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests |
| Young-Helmholtz/Trichromatic Theory | theory that the retina contains three different color receptors; one is most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue; when stimulated in combination, they can produce the perception of any color |
| Zygote | fertilized egg; 2-week period of rapid cell division during prenatal development |
| Innatism (Nativism) | we are born with knowledge |
| Nonconscious | bodily processes whose existence is inaccessible to conscious awareness |
| Theta Waves | brain waves seen during beginning stages of sleep (1 and 2) |
| Beta Waves | brain waves seen during alert wakefulness |
| K Complexes | during sleep, periods of greater wave amplitude (can be response to sound); during Stage 2 sleep |
| Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) | sleep disruption which happens during stage 4 and is characterized by trips out of bed and carrying on complex activities |
| Social Influence Theory (Role Theory) | theory that says hypnosis is a social phenomenon; subjects take on a hynotized "role" |
| Divided Consciousness Theory (Dissociation) | hypnosis involves division or dissociation of consciousness; two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other; "hidden observer" remains in the background, monitoring behavior |
| Hypnotic Induction | process by which the hypnotist brings on a state of hypnosis in the subject |
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