Vegetation
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 a collection of species that occur together in the same habitat at one time | definition of community |
| a group of species with similar lifestyles, epiphytes | definition of guild, provide and example |
| emergent, canopy, understorey, shrub layer, forest floor | tiers in a forest (5) |
| kauri | example of an emergent species in New Zealand |
| puriri | example of a canopy species in New Zealand |
| kawakawa | example of an understorey species in New Zealand |
| competition | the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources; stronger within a guild, strongest within a species (intraspecific). |
| predation | interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism; a key problem for sessile plants which is accommodated through mechanical and chemical defenses. |
| parasitism | form of predation that leaves the host alive (e.g. mistletoe) |
| commensalism | one species is neutrally affected and one species benefits (e.g. epiphytes) |
| mutualism | both species benefit (e.g. mychorrhizae on plant roots) |
| mychorriza | *mutualistic interaction in which a fungus grows on plant root hairs, increasing the root surface area so plants experience increased nutrient uptake and the fungus leeches food from the plant. |
| environment | spatial change is caused by changes in __________________ |
| biomes | large scale spatial change occurs between ____________________ |
| lowland tropical rainforest | biome at equatorial latitudes, dominated by angiosperms, high spp. diversity, spp. with tolerance of higher temperatures |
| warm temperate rainforest | biome at mid latitudes, dominated by angiosperms and gymnosperms, moderate spp. diversity, app. with tolerance of cooler temperatures (e.g. winter deciduous) |
| boreal forest | biome at high latitudes, dominated by gymnosperms, low spp. diversity, app. tolerant of low temperatures |
| tundra | biome at polar latitudes, very few spp., low-growing plants adapted to cold/wet conditions |
| vegetative zonation, elevation | _____________________ is an example of a moderate scale spatial change, and is caused by changes in _____________________. |
| Kamahi | tree with a broad elevation tolerance (little sensitivity to elevation gradient) |
| Rimu | tree with a narrow elevation tolerance (high elevations) |
| forest zonation, flood frequency | _____________________ is an example of a small scale spatial change, and is caused by changes in _____________________. |
| Matai | nutrient demanding tree that requires flooding every few years |
| Totara | dry-foot tree, has lower nutrient needs and requires decadal flooding |
| Kahikatea | wet-foot tree, huge biomass and thus huge nutrient demands, requires annual flooding |
| Clements | scientist who pioneered the field of plant succession |
| directional series of changes over time in the environmental condition and species composition at a particular site | succession |
| pioneer, mid-successional, mature phase | three stages in primary succession |
| access to light | principle changing variable in succession |
| time | succession is niche defined in ________________. |
| mature phase forest | late successional forest that experiences low light and intense competition |
| disturbance | after a _________________ (e.g. volcanic erruption, tree fall gap), the site experiences high light, forest regeneration; promotes spp. diversity |
| kanuka, manuka | two examples of pioneer guild plants |
| pioneer guild | guild that lasts 50-80 years, examples of which include manuka and kanuka |
| kanuka, light-demanding, stress-tolerant, highly dispersive, a weak competitor, disturbance-dependent, short-lived | a pioneer guild species like _______________ is generally (6): |
| mamangi, maire | two examples mid-successional guild plants |
| kohekohe, taraire, kauri | three examples late-successional guild plants |
| kohekohe, shade-tolerant, stress-intolerant, less dispersive, a strong competitor, disturbance independent, long-lived | a late-successional guild species like _______________ is generally (6): |
| riparian zonation, exposure and substrate | _____________________ is an example of a very small scale spatial change, and is caused by changes in _____________________. |
| Rimu | gymnosperm example of a Gondwanan plant |
| Rewarewa | angiosperm example of a Gondwanan plant |
| Horopito, plesiomorphic | an angiosperm example of a Gondwanan that has a basal or ________________ flower with leaf-like stamens and open carpels without styles |
| Nothofagus | _________________ are also evidence of Gondwanan origins because they occur in Aus./NZ, S. America, and New Caledonia, but their seeds can't disperse further than across 25 km of sea |
| bogs | _________________ provide evidence of past vegetation because they are sites of pollen deposition and preservation. |
| instantaneous, 400 | the transition from glacial cold-tolerant community to a warm climate forest was almost ____________________; it lasted around ____________________ years. |
| Matai | the first colonizer in post-glacial recovery |
| Rimu | the second colonizer in post-glacial recovery |
| Southern Rata | part of the myrtle family, this tree is was dispersed from Australia/Antarctica (non-Gondwanan) |
| Kohekohe | a plant of non-Gondwanan origins that's part of the mahogany family |
| tree-ferns, Nothofagus | during the Holocene era, initial vegetative dominance was by dispersive __________________ in montane habitats, followed by the slow-spreading of ____________________. |
| pleistocene, grass-shrubland, Northland/Coromandel, shrubland, tussock-herbfield | during the ___________________ epoch, New Zealand experienced periods of glaciation which became increasingly more severe. _____________________ was widespread, forests were dominant only in _____________________. In the North Island, subalpine _____________________ was dominant south of Auckland, and in the South Island, _____________________ was widespread. |
| frugivory, attachment, flotation, wind | modes of plant dispersal in order of frequency (4) |
| podocarps, gymnosperm, 60 | _____________________ have _____________________ leaves: they're small and scale-like, have parallel venation, and have __% of the photosynthetic efficiency of broadleaf Angiosperms. |
| light-dependent, disturbance-dependent, long-lived | podocarp seedlings are (3): |
| podocarps, shade-tolerant, light-demanding | Rimu, Kahikatea, Totara, Matai, and Miro are all examples of _________________. Miro is an exception because it's _____________________, whereas the first four are _____________________. |
| broadleaf angiosperms | Puriri, Rewarewa, Kohekohe, Mangeao, Tawa, Kamahi, Manuka, and Kanuka are all examples of: |
| Tree-ferns | _____________________ pioneer small gaps. |
| Lake Taupo, Nuee Ardente, podocarps | _____________________ experienced _____________________ volcanic flow, giving the stress-tolerant _____________________ the advantage. |
| dense podocarp forest, emergents, Angiosperms | Whirinaki is a _____________________, unusually dominated by _____________________; _____________________ form the main canopy, trees are present but suppressed. |
| manuka, kanuka, podocarp, podocarp, natural thinning, podocarps, species composition | Large scale regeneration cycle: 1, _____________________/_____________________ scrub, abundant _____________________ seedlings; 2, _____________________ pole stage, stand depresses kanuka etc.; 3, _____________________ of _____________________ as they increase in height; 4, shift in _____________________ |
| tree ferns, kamahi, tree ferns, Tawa, podocarp, podocarps | Gap regeneration cycle: 1, gap created by fall of large tree is colonized by _____________________; 2, _____________________ grows and suppresses the _____________________, _____________________ on gap margins, _____________________ seedlings beneath; 3, rapid growth of pole _____________________ to occupy gap |
| podocarps, hardwoods, beeches | As altitude increases, vegetation zonation is _____________________ -> _____________________ -> _____________________ |
| pumice, broadleafs, podocarps | _____________________ substrate holds more water, thus producing more stressful conditions that _____________________ can't tolerate, but _____________________ can |
| Rimu, semi-shade-tolerant, mixed | *(relatively) _____________________ podocarp, _____________________-age stand, medium colonization length |
| Miro, most shade-tolerant, mixed | *(relatively) _____________________ podocarp, _____________________-age stand, longest colonization length, ongoing juvenile recruitment |
| Matai, light-demanding, even | *(relatively) _____________________ podocarp, _____________________-age stand, one cohort, shortest colonization length |
| Tawa, Kohekohe, gap-dependent, gaps, frost | *two strongly shade-tolerant broadleafs in Rotoehu Forest; not _____________________ for regeneration but rather negatively affected by __________________ due to ____________________ sensitivity. |
| Mangeao, Rewarewa, small gap, all | *two more light-demanding broadleafs in Rotoehu Forest; _____________________ specialists, seedlings of ______________ size class(es) |
| Tawa, Kamahi, Rimu, Miro, Tawa | *_____________________ dominant in Urewera National park, _____________________, _____________________, and _____________________ suppressed; fewer _____________________ at higher elevations, others increase in abundance |
| archaic conifer | being from 200 million years ago, Kauri are an example of an _____________________. |
| ecosystem engineers | Kauri are _____________________, creating alternate stable states. |
| alternate stable state | in presence of plant, like Kauri, the community is differently structured than in absence |
| Kohekohe, puriri | two main competitors of Kauri |
| Toru, Tawari | *two kauri associate species that experience depressed nutrient cycling |
| slow organic decay, litter, cup podsol, depressed | Kauri as an ecosystem engineer: _____________________ under Kauri causing the creation of a deep layer of _____________________; creation of a _____________________ underneath tree; _____________________ cycling |
| terpenes, waxes, phenols, inhibit bacteria and fungi | three methods to slow decay of Kauri litter and what these four methods do |
| broadleaf, conifer | _____________________ litter is thinner wheras _____________________ litter is generally thicker |
| cup podsol, acidic, neutralizes nutrients, leaching | *Kauri creates a _____________________: litter is _____________________, which _____________________ and flushes them deeper, promoting _____________________ |
| nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate | Kauri depressed nutrient cycling converts _____________________ to _____________________ which is toxic for other plants, rather than _____________________ which is generally better for plants |
| ridge crest specialists, rapid podsolization, high, frequent, long-lived | *Kauri are _____________________ which helps with _____________________ and access to _____________________ light, _____________________ disturbance. They are _____________________-lived |
| short recruitment, competition, self-thinning, competition, recruitment, synchronized disturbance, biomass, broadleafs, ridgecrest | 1st Kauri cohort after disturbance: _____________________ phase due to lack of _____________________, followed by a _____________________ and mature phase due to intense _____________________. 2nd cohort: longer _____________________ phase without _____________________, part of 2nd cohort _____________________ replaced by _____________________ as Kauri retreat to _____________________. |
| retreated north, returned south, mean daily maximum temperature | *Kauri _____________________ during glaciation and _____________________ post-glaciation, because they require a _____________________ of 17 oC |
| Matai, softwood, self-preserved | _____________________ is a _____________________ that produces superior timber, a tall tree that's straight grained. Its timber is _____________________ and richly colored |
| Tawa, hardwood, decays faster, Red Beech, hardwood | _____________________ is a _____________________ that produces an inferior timber, a smaller log which _____________________. _____________________ is another example of a _____________________. |
| Nothofagus, erratic, best, collapsing residual | in north Westland, a remnant _____________________ forest, logging was _____________________ and piecemeal, targeting only the _____________________ trees, leaving a _____________________ stand. |
| decreased, increase, remained constant, increased, remained constant, disease, insect attack, pinhole borer | Managed beach forest dynamics: density _____________________, residual diameter _____________________, basal area _____________________, height and volume _____________________. After 100 years: volume _____________________, and stems are large enough to harvest and should be, rather than waiting for _____________________ or _____________________ (e.g. _____________________) |
| aggressive, more careful, Tawa, too small | *Tihoi: _____________________ harvest; Whirinaki: _____________________ harvest, improved stand stability, but regeneration by _____________________ because gaps created were _____________________ for podocarp regeneration. |
| coup felling, podocarps, large disturbance, stand senesence | *Saltwater Forest: Wetland silviculture model: _____________________, advantages valuable _____________________, mimics _____________________ regime, harvest just as _____________________ begins |
| Kauri, ridge crests, unfamiliar slope position, ringbarking, expensive, time-consuming | _____________________ is the most valuable timber, attempted planting all over slopes (not just on _____________________), poor survival of planted juveniles in _____________________, _____________________ of competitors. this method is too _____________________ and _____________________, and therefore not feasible. |
| recreational, conservation | the modern view of silviculture holds that forests have greater _____________________ and _____________________ blue than they do as timber |
| Hard Beech | most northerly, most lowland, often found in forest with kauri, abundant in lower montane of northern Southland, occurs in ecotonal forest with lowland species |
| Red Beech | largest, abundant in lower montane throughout Southland and Bay of Plenty, like hard beech, occurs in ecotonal forest with lowland species, can be found in mixed Podocarp forests |
| Black Beech | often grows with Mountain Beech, found in eastern NZ in foothills at ridge crest (where it's drier), poor soil specialists, mixed with lowland spp. in lower montane |
| Mountain Beech | often grows with Black Beech, high elevation, lower to upper montane, found in drier east central North Island southwards |
| Silver Beech | found in wetter west, Bay of Plenty southwards, high rainfall, lower to upper montane, forming treeline |
| shade-tolerant, mixed | Silver beeches are _______________ (light-damanding/shade-tolerant) and structured in __________ (mixed/even) -age stands. |
| decreases | Beech forest tree species diversity _____________ as altitude (and stress) increases, but not herb and shrub spp. diversity |
| decreases | *Beech forest spp. diversity ______________ as rainfall decreases |
| light-demanding, even | Black beeches are _______________ (light-damanding/shade-tolerant) and structured in __________ (mixed/even) -age stands. |
| light-demanding, even | Mountain beeches are _______________ (light-damanding/shade-tolerant) and structured in __________ (mixed/even) -age stands. |
| light-demanding, even | Hard beeches are _______________ (light-damanding/shade-tolerant) and structured in __________ (mixed/even) -age stands. |
| light-demanding, even | Red beeches are _______________ (light-damanding/shade-tolerant) and structured in __________ (mixed/even) -age stands. |
| increase, level out | *during periods of stand development, biomass tends to first ______________ and then __________________ as the stand reaches maturity. |
| even-aged in distinct groups | *in Saltwater Forest, the stand structure that facilitated coup-felling was: |
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