Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology Medical Terminology
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Created by:
Christa5367 on October 11, 2009
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Digestive System | Begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. |
| Alimentary Canal | Long muscular tube. Begins at mouth and includes pharynx, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| Mastication | break down food physically by chewing and grinding food. |
| tongue | muscular organ. Contain taste buds allowing person to taste sweet, salt, sour, and bitter sensations. |
| hard palate | bony structure that forms roof of mouth. Separates mouth from nasal cavities. |
| soft palate | located behind hard palate, separates mouth from nasopharynx, contains uvula which prevents food from entering nasopharynx during swallowing. |
| salivary glands | three pairs, secrete saliva, and contain enzyme called amylase |
| Amylase | Enzyme which begins breakdown of carbs into sugars. |
| Pharynx | AKA throat, muscular tube about 5 inches long and lined with mucous membrane. It is a passageway for air from nose and food from oral cavity to esophagus. Epigiottis covers trachea when swallowing so food cannot enter trachea. |
| Esophagus | 9 to 10 inch muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach. Peristalis |
| Perisalsis | Rhythmic contractions of muscles in wall of esophagus which propels food toward stomach. |
| Stomach | Food passes from esophagus to stomach. Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus to stomach. Pyloric sphincter allows food to leave stomach when it is ready. Folds mucus membrane lining of stomach are called rugae. Rugae contain digestive glands that produce pepsin which begins digestion of proteins. Digestive glands also produce hydrochloric acid which kills forms of bacteria. Role of stomach is to prepare food chemically and mechanically to be received in small intestine. Food leaves stomach in 1-4 hours or longer depending on amount and type of food eaten. |
| Small Intestine | Extends 20 feet from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine and is 1 inch in diameter. Divided into three parts and villi line walls of it. |
| Duodenum | 1 foot in length; receives food from stomach, bile from liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from pancreas. Enzymes and bile help to digest food before it passes into second part of small intestine. |
| Jejunum | 8 feet long. Connects with third section. |
| Ileum | 11 feet long and attached to first part of large intestine. |
| large Intestine | extends 5 feet from the end of the ileum to the anus; 2 inches in diameter. Divided into 6 parts. |
| liver, gallbladder, pancreas | three important organs of the digestive system. |
| lipase digest | fat |
| amylase digest | starch |
| cecum | connects with ileum of small intestine; contains appendix which has no clear function |
| ascending colon | continues up on the right side of the body from the cecum to lower part of the liver. |
| transverse colon | extends across the abdomen, below the liver and stomach, but above the small intestine |
| descending colon | extends down the left side of body |
| sigmoid colon | connects with the descending colon; S-shaped section that joins with the rectum |
| rectum | 6 to 8 inches; storage area for indigestibles; has narrow canal called anal canal which opens at a hole called the anus. |
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