Cell Bio ch. 4-8
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104 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell theory | what theory states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and new cells come only from pre-existing ones by cell division? |
| transmission electron microscopy | what type of microscopy is being used when a beam of electrons is transmitted through a biological sample, hardened/sliced/dyed? |
| scanning electron microscopy | what type of microscopy is being used when the surface of a sample is coated with a metal and secondary electrons reflecting off of it create an image? |
| proteins bind together like building blocks | what are protein-protein interactions? |
| genome | the entire complement of a species' genetic material is called what? |
| genes | what can be found within the genome? |
| prokaryotes (bacterium) | which organisms secrete a glycocalyx to prevent it from drying out? |
| eukaryotes | protists, fungi, plants, animals are all |
| eukaryotes | which organisms have membrane-bound nuclei? |
| proteomes | when all types and relative amounts of proteins are made in a particular cell at a particular time and under specific conditions: |
| proteome | the genes in a skin cell and nerve cell are the same but the ____ are different. the ___ of a cell largely determines its structure and function |
| cytosol | this portion of the cell surrounds organelles but is inside the membrane, and is the site of many chemical reactions/metabolic pathways |
| the synthesis and breakdown of molecules occurring inside the cytosol | metabolism of the cell is.. |
| catabolism | the breakdown of molecules into smaller components is ___ and is needed to utilize energy and also to generate molecules that provide the building blocks to construct cellular macromolecules |
| anabolism | the synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules is ___ |
| translation | to create proteins, amino acids are covalently connected to form a polypeptide. this anabolic activity is called |
| cytoskeleton | the ____ provides cell shape, organization, and movement |
| microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments | the cytoskeleton is a network of 3 different types of protein filaments, each constructed from many protein monomers: |
| protein-protein interactions | the cytoskeleton is an example of |
| microtubules | these protein filaments are long, hollow, cylindrical about 25 nm in diameter |
| alpha and beta protein tubulin | microtubules are composed of subunits called |
| polar | microtubules structure can be described as |
| dynamic instability | microtubules can oscillate between growing and shortening phases, which helps sorting of chromosomes in cell division/mitosis, called |
| microtubules | organelles (like the Golgi) are often attached to |
| intermediate filaments | this protein filament is not found in all animal cells. it has a 10 nm diameter and has proteins bound together in a staggered array to form a twisted, rope-like structure |
| intermediate filaments | these filaments are tension-bearing fibers that maintain cell shape and rigidity- are relatively stable |
| intermediate filaments | desmins are_____ in muscles and keratins are ____ in skin/nails/hair |
| actin filaments | these are the thinnest protein filaments- 7 nm in diameter- and are very dynamic. they have polar structure and grow from the (+) end by addition of ___ monomers. |
| actin filaments | these filaments support the plasma membrane and are anchored to proteins |
| motor proteins | these proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote movement |
| motor proteins | these proteins use ATP for energy and to cause a bend in its hinge (resulting in movement) |
| walk | when the head region of motor proteins interacts with the cytoskeletal filament, atp binds to the head and is hydrolyzed, causing a bend in the hinge, and the protein attempts to |
| cells utilize motor proteins | movement of cargo via motor protein, movement of filament, bending of the filament, are all ways in which |
| flagella and cilia | microtubules and motor proteins facilitate movement involving cell appendages called |
| turgor | when pressure pushes membrane against cell wall in plants it is called |
| molarity | mols/L of solvent is called |
| osmosis | the flow of water down its osmolarity gradient is called |
| isotonic | the same osmolarity inside cell and outside is called |
| hypertonic | when a cell has more osmolarity inside, water flows out of cell, cell will crenulate |
| hypotonic | when a cell has more osmolarity outside, water flows in, cell will burst |
| retrograde movement, moves towards (-) pole | dynein is a motor which has |
| anterograde movement, moves toward (+) pole | kinesin is a motor which has |
| co-translational translocation | a protein being put in final location while still being synthesized is |
| post-translational translocation | movement of polypeptide after its been made in cytosol |
| the cis golgi | the portion of the golgi which is close to the nucleus is called |
| trans golgi | the portion of the golgi which is far from the nucleus is called the |
| peroxisome | the organelle which is not semi autonomous and can oxidize fatty acid chain |
| cytosol | ribosomes float free in the |
| lateral diffusion | sets of proteins in cotranslational translocation move from ER membrane to nuclear membrane by |
| vesicular trafficking | secretory, anterograde, endocytotic, retrograde are all types of |
| reductive GTP/ATP hydrolysis | a pump is driven by |
| primary active transport | pumps are an example of |
| secondary active transport | in this type of transport there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead, the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used |
| collect hydration shells | ions have lower permeability than water b.c they |
| anions/cations | monopoles |
| plasma membrane | animals use cyclic lipid (cholesterol) to effect fluidity in their |
| net free energy -deltaG | the direction things move in passive or secondary active transport is determined by |
| active transport | kidneys draw sugar out of urine against its gradient by |
| intermediate filaments | which protein filament does NOT have structural polarity? |
| golgi apparatus | which organelle packages different types of materials into secretory vesicles that later fuse with the plasma membrane thereby releasing their contents outside |
| proteolysis | the processing event in the golgi which uses proteases to cut proteins into smaller polypeptides is called |
| lysosomes | which organelle contains acid hydrolases, which are hydrolytic enzymes that use a molecule of water to break a covalent bond? |
| detoxifying reactions | peroxisomes catalyze |
| catalase | peroxisome contain enzyme called ___ which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to make water and oxygen gas |
| cristae | the innermembrane of mitochondria is highly invaginated (folded) to form projections called |
| binary fission | like their bacterial counterparts, mitochondria and chloroplasts increase in number via |
| endosymbiosis | in a symbiotic relationship, which the smaller species actually lives inside the larger species, it is called |
| mitochondrial genomes and chloroplast genome | chromosomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts are referred to as the |
| endosymbiosis theory | the theory which proposes the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell is the |
| ribosomes in the cytosol | protein synthesis begins on |
| nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes | post-translational sorting to the |
| ER | cotranslational sorting to the |
| sorting signals | in eukaryotes, most proteins contain short stretches of amino acid sequences are called |
| ER signal sequence | in cotranslational sorting, to be directed to the ER membrane, a polypeptide must contain an |
| cargo receptors in the ER membrane | a cargo moving from ER to the Golgi is loaded into a developing vesicle by binding to |
| v-snares | as a vesicle forms, other proteins called ____ are incorporated into the vesicle membrane |
| t-snares | the v-snares in the vesicle membrane are recognized by ____ in the target membrane |
| chaperones | a protein destined for the mitochondrial matrix is first made in the cytosol, where proteins called _____ keep it in an unfolded state |
| endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts | in comparison to animal/plant cells, bacterium lack |
| energetically favorable | because rotational and lateral movements keep the fatty acyl tails of phospholipids within the hydrophobic interior, such movements are |
| glycosylation | covalently attaching a carbohydrate to a lipid or protein is called |
| ER membrane | lipid synthesis occurs at the |
| plasmolysis | when the extracellular fluid surrounding a plant cell is hypertonic, water will exit the cell and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell wall. this process is called |
| CHIP28 | _____ was renamed aquaporin to indicate its newly identified function of allowing water to diffuse through a pore in the membrane |
| the theory explains a larger number of known observations | how is a scientific theory different from a scientific hypothesis? |
| they have more neutrons | compared to 31P, how do the radioactive isotopes of phosphorus (32P and 33 P) differ? |
| hypothesis | a ____ must be informed by current theory an the experiment must be replicable |
| hydrogen | secondary structure creates sheets of amino acids such as beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. it uses ______ bonds |
| secondary structure | a local, regular arrangement of amino acids using hydrogen bonds |
| quaternary structure | intramolecular association; for proteins, consists of multiple peptides |
| tertiary structure | 3 dimensional structure of folded protein containing secondary structure/ vanderwaals forces |
| secondary active transport | this type of transport involves the use of a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of another solute |
| primary active transport | involves the functioning of a pump |
| the golgi apparatus | the vesicles used in exocytosis are usually derived from |
| glycolipids or glycoproteins | glycosylation produces |
| hydrophilic solutes | the phospholipid bilayer is a barrier of the diffusion of |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy transfers and transformations increase the entropy of the universe |
| 3rd law of thermodynamics | the law that states that in order for motion to stop we have to reach absolute zero |
| photosynthesis | is a process used by plants and other organisms to capture the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen., process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| rubisco | Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). |
| the calvin cycle | A metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar. In the light-independent (or "dark") reactions, the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and in a process that requires the newly formed NADPH, releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. |
| c4 cycle | the series of reactions in certain plants that fixes carbon dioxide into oxaloacetic acid, which is later broken down for use in the cycle of photosynthesis. |
| PEP carboxylase | An enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate. |
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