| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Control Theories focus on answering what questions? | What causes people to conform to rules and criminal laws? |
| What assumption do control theories make about deviant motivation | The distinctive feature of control theories is the assumption that motivation to break rules and commit crimes is evenly distributed throughout society |
| what is reflection? | The power of reflection is the distinctively human characteristic of imagining more of something |
| what is the fundamental difference between animals and humans beings according to Durkheim? | Animals have basic biological drives and biological limitations to their appetites spurred by those drives. In addition, to basic biological drives for food, water, and sex, human beings have socially created desires. They do not create shelter and sustenance, but better and larger homes, social status, prestige, money, and power. |
| according to Durkheim, what regulates the appetites of human beings? | Control over human appetite is achieved when the individual is connected to a social group |
| how do we develop a moral conscience | in molding us morally, society has inculcated in us those feeling that prescribe our conduct so imperatively. Our conscience is its product and reflect. When our conscience speaks, it is society speaking with in us. |
| according to Reiss, what are the most important sources of restraint that prevent delinquency | family, community or neighborhoods, a strong attachment of the child to the school |
| According to Toby, what is a "stake of conformity"? | while the motivation to commit crimes does not vary across persons, the extent to which youths have something to lose |
| why are people who have a stake in conformity less likely to commit crimes | Those who have family members who love and respect them, do well in school and attached to teachers, going to college and getting a job are less |
| Nye's three main sources of control | direct, indirect, internalize |
| internalized control | persons have effectively socialized and have internalized the normative system of their society |
| direct control | includes a wide variety of possible restraints on one's deviant impulses and includes formal punishment through the legal systems, informal sanctions |
| different types of containments in Reckless theory | inner and outer containment |
| inner containment | refers to the capacity of the individual to control themselves by resting the temptations of crime and deviance and give the self positive direction |
| outer containment | consists of the capability of social institutions to restrain the conduct of individuals |
| what are the different elements of the social bond | attachment, commitment, involvement, belief |
| attachment | sensitivity to the opinions of others |
| commitment | energy and effort invested in conventional activities |
| involvement | time spent on legitimate activities |
| belief | how strongly believes in the legitimacy of rules |
| first difference of the self-control theory from social bonding theory | proposed that the source of self control lies within the individual while the social bond theory proposed the source of restraint lie in the relationship between the individual and the society |
| second difference of the self control theory from social bonding theory | self control theory is a general theory of crime as the social bonding theory is a theory of delinquency |
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