il World History Final Exam 1
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Musicgeek28 on June 11, 2012
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86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 bias | when a source favors one side |
| point of view | things that have influenced someone such as historical context and frame of reference |
| primary source | something which comes from the time period that the historian is studying that records or describes an event by someone who participated in or witnessed the event |
| secondary source | something which is produced after the time period the historian is studying |
| B.C./A.D. | before christ/ Anno domini |
| History | the study of the human past that is recorded |
| prehistory | pertaining to a time or time period before records |
| archaeologists | specially trained scientistswho work to uncover the story of prehistoric peoples, excavate and study traces of early settlements |
| Fact | a proven statement |
| opinion | what someone believes |
| 4 theories of history | Theological Determinism, Economic Determinism, Great Man Theory, Geological Determinsim |
| Theological Determinism | God/Creator causes major historical events to happen. Evolution could be part of the "cosmic" plan; Divine will guides and directs human destiny |
| Economic Determinism | The way people make a living and distribute goods is a main influence on society |
| Great Man Theory | Great men/women have changed the world by thier ideas and actions |
| Geographical Determinism | Geography is a major factor in determining history. Physical features and natural resources shape history |
| fossils | evidence of early life preserved in rocks, studied by paleontologists |
| longitude | the lines that run north and south |
| latitude | the lines that run east and west |
| equator | the line that runs around the middle of the Earth east to west |
| prime meridian | the line that runs around the middle of the Earth north to south |
| artifacts | human-made objects like tools or jewlery, studied by archeologists |
| Old Stone Age | Paleolithic, 2.5 million B.C.-8000 B.C, oldest chopping tools |
| New Stone Age | Neolithic, 8000 B.C.-3000 B.C, polished stone, pottery, grow crops, raise animals |
| Agricultural Revolution | Neolithic Revolution, shift from food-gathering to food-producing culture |
| ziggurat | pyramid shaped monument, priests conduct rituals at top, stores grains, woven fabrics, gems |
| civilization wheel | Advanced technology, advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping |
| Sumer/Mesopotamia | beginning of civilization |
| city-state | a city with it's own government and ruler that functions much like a country |
| silt | fertile black mud, left by rivers after overflowing |
| polytheism | the belief in more than one god |
| artisans | a skilled worker who makes objects by hand |
| scribes | a professional record keeper |
| cultural diffusion | the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
| empire | several peoples, nations or previously independent states under the control of one leader |
| Tigris-Euphrates | the two rivers bordering Mespotamia |
| dynasty | series of rulers from a single family |
| Hammurabi's code | the code the Babylonian empire had to follow, described punishment for each crime and had lex talionis |
| Lex Talionis | the idea of an eye for an eye |
| cuneiform | the writing of the Mesopotamians, created by scribes |
| surplus | extra |
| Nomads | people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food |
| Huang He/Yangtze Rivers | border fertile land in China, civilization bulit on these |
| Nile River | flooded like clockwork and left behind fertile soil |
| 1st need relgion fulfills | explanation for suffering, death, unknown |
| 2nd need relgion fulfills | comfort about fear of death |
| 3rd need relgion fulfills | something to do about things that practical remedies are unkown |
| 4th need relgion fulfills | community with moral control, conform to ethical standards and practices |
| 5th need relgion fulfills | acceptance of authority, social difference, one's place in social structure |
| 6th need relgion fulfills | feeling of group solidarity; common bond, encouraged to help one another |
| Hinduism | relgion a way of liberating soul from illusions, disappointments, mistakes, follow main God Brahman |
| Brahman | world soul, multiple personalities=Brahma-the creator; Vishnu-the protector; Shiva-the destroyer(Hinduism) |
| Tao | the first cause of the universe, is the force and flows though all life(Taoism) |
| dharma | Buddhist doctrine or teachings |
| karma | a souls good deeds, follows to next life |
| reincarnation/samsara | rebirth until moksha/enlightenment is reached |
| Taoism | the belief that Tao is the force that flows through everything |
| nirvana | release from selfishness and pain |
| Caste system | Hindu social class; 1) Brahmins(priests) 2) warriors 3) traders and landowners 4) peasants |
| untouchables | lived outside the caste system, do jobs nobody wants |
| Tao Te Ching | written by Laozi |
| ascetic | one who causes pain to themselves to reach moksha |
| meditation | clearing ones mind |
| Vedas | Aryan sacred literature, 4 collections of prayers, magical spells, instructions for performing rituals |
| Siddhartha Guatama | Buddha founder of Buddhism |
| 1st noble truth | life is filled w/suffering and sorrow |
| 2nd noble truth | suffering caused by people's selfish desires |
| 3rd noble truth | end suffering by ending desire |
| 4th noble truth | overcome desires and attain enlightenment by following Eightfold Path(Middle Way) |
| Middle Way | (Eightfold Path) Right views, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration |
| Eightfold Path | (Middle Way) Right views, resolve, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration |
| enlightenment | state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic truths about the universe |
| Buddha | enlightened one |
| ahimsa | noninjury to living beings |
| Tipitaka | Buddhist sacred writings |
| Confucianisam | practiced filal piety, 5 relationships |
| Confucius | creator of Confucianism |
| 5 realtionships | 1) ruler to subject 2) father to son 3) husband to wife 4) older brother to younger brother 5) friend to friend, first 4 superior:inferior |
| bureaucrats | a trained civil servant who helps run the government |
| monsoons | seasonal winds, winter blow northeast to west(dry), summer blow east to southwest(wet) |
| filal piety | respect for ancestors and family |
| civil service exam | literacy test to work in government |
| ancestor whorship | believed ancestors could bring god or bad luck, asked for help from them |
| mandate of heaven | divine approval to rule given by gods |
| analects | a collection of Confucius's sayings |
| Lao Tzu | founder of Taosims, wrote Tao Te Ching |
| Judeo-Christian Ethic | right or moral behavior in Western Society |
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