1.
active transport: energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient
2.
anaphase: third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
3.
avascular: lacking a blood supply
4.
benign: not cancerous
5.
cancer: uncontrolled cell division
6.
cell: basic unit of life
7.
cell differentiation: process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function
8.
chromatin: long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins; condenses to form chromosomes
9.
cilia: short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
10.
conductivity: ability to conduct an electric current
11.
connective tissue: tissue that binds, supports, and protects body structures, includes cartilage, tendons, fat, blood
12.
cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
13.
cytoplasm: material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
14.
cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
15.
cytosol: fluid portion of the cytoplasm
16.
endocytosis: process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane to form a vesicle
17.
epithelium: tissue that covers all free surfaces of the body
18.
exchange pump: carrier mechanism that moves ions in opposite directions against their concentration gradients requiring energy
19.
exocytosis: process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell by fusing with the cell membrane
20.
extracellular fluid: all body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid
21.
facilitated diffusion: movement of specific molecules across cell membranes from high to low concentration through protein channels
22.
fixed ribosome: ribosome bound to the endoplasmic reticulum; makes proteins for export outside the cell
23.
flagellum: hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile
24.
free ribosome: floats around in cytoplasm; makes proteins that will stay within the cell
25.
glia: provide physical and functional support to neurons in the brain and spinal cord
26.
Golgi apparatus: stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
27.
hypertonic: when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol
28.
hypotonic: when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol
29.
interphase: period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
30.
intracellular fluid: fluid residing inside the cells that provides the medium for cellular reactions
31.
irritability: ability to respond to stimuli
32.
isotonic: when the concentrations of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal
33.
lysosome: organelle that contains digestive enzymes
34.
malignant: cancerous
35.
metaphase: second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
36.
metastasis: process by which cancer cells spread from their original site through blood or lymph
37.
microfilament: thin, solid protein fibers that provide structural support for the cell
38.
microtubule: tubes of protein; form the mitotic spindle during cell division, form cilia and flagella, and are used for intracellular structure and transport
39.
microvilli: projections that increase the cell's surface area
40.
mitochondria: organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into ATP through cellular respiration
41.
mitosis: division of the cell nucleus
42.
nuclear membrane: highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
43.
nuclear pore: regulates materials passing through nuclear membrane
44.
nucleolus: small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins
45.
nucleus: control center of the cell; contains DNA
46.
organelle: specialized structure that performs specific functions within cell
47.
osmosis: diffusion of water
48.
passive transport: movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
49.
peroxisome: organelles that contain the hydrogen peroxide produced by lipid metabolism; convert the toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen using catalase
50.
phagocytosis: process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
51.
phospholipid bilayer: double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes
52.
pinocytosis: process by which certain cells engulf extracellular fluid
53.
plasma membrane: thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids
54.
prophase: first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible
55.
rough endoplasmic reticulum: has attached ribosomes; produces membrane and secretory proteins
56.
selective permeability: property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell
57.
simple diffusion: movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration
58.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum: no attached ribosomes; three main functions: intracellular transport, lipid synthesis, drug and alcohol detoxification
59.
stem cell: unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions
60.
telophase: last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform
61.
tissue: group of similar cells that perform a particular function
62.
tumor: a mass of abnormal cells
63.
vascular: containing blood vessels
