Ch.8 Circulatory and Immunity Systems
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Circulatory System: | In animals, the system of vessels that transports bloods, and the cells and substances suspended and dissolved in blood, throughout the body. |
| Atria: | One of the two upper chambers of the heart that collects blood flowing into the heart; right atrium receives blood from systematic circulation and the left from pulmonary circulation. |
| Ventricles: | One of the two lower chambers of the heart; each ventricle receives blood from one of the atria and pumps it into systematic or pulmonary circulation. |
| Septum: | In the heart, the muscular wall that separates the two ventricles and the two atria. |
| Vena Cavae: | One of the two large vessels, the superior or inferior vena cavae, that open into right atrium of the heart. |
| Pulmonary Arteries: | blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| Pulmonary Veins: | Blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| Aorta: | Major artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all regions of the body except the lungs. |
| Valves: | Membranous extension of a vessel or the heart wall that opens and closes, ensuring one- way fluid flow. |
| Arteries: | Blood vessel that carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart. |
| Veins: | Blood vessel that carries oxygen poor blood to the heart. |
| Capillaries: | The smallest blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged between the circulatory system and body tissues across the capillary wall, which is only a single cell thick. |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node: | bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium of the mammalian heart; generates an electrical impulse that stimulates cardiac muscle fibres to contract and relax rhythmically, producing a regular heartbeat. |
| Atrioventricular (AV) Node: | bundle of specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; receives electrical stimulus from the sinoatrial node and transmits this impulse over the walls of the ventricles to start their contraction. |
| Blood Pressure: | pressure exerted against blood vessel walls as circulating blood passes through the vessels. |
| Systolic Pressure: | maximum blood pressure exerted during ventricular contraction. |
| Diastolic Pressure: | the lowest blood pressure exerted before the ventricles contract. |
| Pulmonary Pathway: | in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. |
| Systemic Pathway: | in animals, the circulatory pathway that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body tissues, and oxygen-poor blood from the tissues back to the heart. |
| Coronary Pathway: | in animals, the circulatory pathway that supplies oxygen-rich blood to and carries deoxygenated blood from the muscle tissue of the heart. |
| Plasma: | fluid portion of the blood, made up of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products. |
| Formed Portion: | solid portion of the blood consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
| Red Blood Cells: | see erythrocytes. |
| Erythrocytes: | blood cell that contains the respiratory protein hemoglobin and is specialized for oxygen transport; also called adrenaline. |
| Hemoglobin: | iron-containing respiratory pigment found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. |
| White Blood Cells: | colourless blood cell that protects the body from infection by way of the immune response, and also plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation; three types include granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes. |
| Leucocytes: | see white blood cells. |
| Platelets: | component of the formed portion of the blood, consisting of fragments of cells that are created when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; contains no nucleus and plays a key role in the blood clotting. |
| Vasodilation: | expansion in the diameter of blood vessels, vasodilation near the skin brings more blood to the surface to help reduce body temperature. |
| Vasoconstriction: | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, vasoconstriction near the skin conserves body heat. |
| Interstitial Fluid: | fluid that surrounds all cells in the body; also called extracellular fluid or tissue fluid. |
| Hemophilia: | inherited, life-threatening disorder resulting from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood. |
| Leukemia: | cancer of the white blood cells; two main types are myeloid and lymphoid. |
| Lymphatic Circulatory System: | network of glands and vessels that carry lymph throughout the mammalian body; helps to maintain the balance of fluids on the body. |
| Lymph: | interstitial fluid carried throughout the body in the lymphatic circulatory system; is either colourless or pale yellow, with a composition much like the plasma of blood. |
| Non-Specific Defences: | cell mediated-immunity. |
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: | non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells, specifically macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes, rather than the production for antibodies. |
| Phagocytosis: | process by which a cell ingests another cell, bacterium, or particle of organic matter. |
| Macrophages: | phagocytic white blood cell that develops from a monocyte; acts as a scavenger, ingesting dead cells and foreign material, and killing micro-organisms; macrophages also stimulate other cells in the immune system. |
| Immunity: | ability of the body to protect itself from foreign, disease-causing agents through a specific defence mechanism that uses antibody proteins to recognize, neutralize, and destroy foreign substances. |
| Specific Defenses: | see antibody mediated immunity. |
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity: | component of the immune system that involves the activation of lymphocytes and the secretion of antibodies specific to a specific antigen. |
| Antibodies: | proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them |
| Lymphocytes: | type of white blood cell involved in both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity' include B and T cells. |
| B Cells: | lymphocyte that is activated by a specific antigen to produce memory B cells and plasma cells; plasma cells produce antigen specific antibodies. |
| T Cells: | lymphocyte that is primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity; roles include activation of certain immune cells, destruction of invading pathogens, suppression of cellular immunity, and promotion of immune response upon reinfection; types include helper, killer, suppressor, and memory T cells. |
| Antigens: | molecule found on the surface of cells and pathogens: can be recognized by the body's immune system. |
| Helper T Cells: | lymphocyte that, upon recognizing an antigen, gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells (macrophages, B cells, and other T cells) to perform their respective functions. |
| Killer T Cells: | lymphocyte that binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane; may be activated indirectly by chemical signals from a helper T cell or directly by th presence of the invading pathogen and associated antigens. |
| Suppressor T Cells: | lymphocyte that slows and suppresses the cell-mediated immune response to an antigen to ensure that healthy tissues are not destroyed. |
| Memory T Cells: | lymphocyte that carries receptors for a specific foreign antigen that was encountered in an earlier infection or through vaccination; memory T cells quickly promote an immune response if the same antigen is re-encountered in a subsequent infection. |
| ABO System: | classification system for human blood antigens in which the presence or absence of type A or type B antigens on red blood cells determines blood type as A, B, AB, or O. |
| Rh Factor: | group of antigens found in most red blood cells. |
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