Micro Vocab 7
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meason4583 Plus on June 14, 2012
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microbiology vocabulary chapter 7
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27 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Use-dilution tests | a method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions |
| Disk-diffustion Method | an augur-diffusion test to determine microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents; also called Kirby-Bauer test |
| In-use Test | A method of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant using sampling a 'real-world' surface before and after disinfection. |
| Tincture | a solution in aqueous alcohol |
| Degerming | the removal of microorganisms in an area; also called degermation |
| Sterilization | the removal of all microorganisms, including endospores |
| Commercial Sterilization | a process of treating canned goods aimed at destroying the edospores of Clostidium botulinum; legally, the destruction of ≥3log10 microorganisms |
| Disinfection | any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant |
| Antisepsis | a chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic |
| Sanitization | the removal of microbes from eating tensils and food preparation areas |
| Moist Heat Sterilization | kills microorganisms primarily by coagulating proteins (denaturation), which s caused by beakage of the hydrogen bonds that hold the proteins in their 3D structure; process lke egg white frying |
| Pasteurization | the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorgansims or pathogens; like milk, yogurt, ice cream |
| Dry heat sterilization | kills by oxidation effects; like slow charring of paper ina heated ove, even when temp remains below ignition point of paper |
| Filtration | the passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material; a 0.45-um filter removes most bacteria; used for eat sensitive materials such as some culture media, enzymes, vaccines and antibiotic solutions |
| Desiccation | the removal of water; microorganisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viabe for years |
| Osmotic Pressure | use of high concentrations of salts and sugars to preserve food; high concnetration of these substances create a hypertonic environment that auses water to leave the microbial cell |
| Ionization Radiation | radiation kills microorganisms (sterilizing radiation); inization includes gamma rays, x rays or high energy electron beams, has a wavelength shorter than that of non ionizin radiaiton, less than about 1 nm; High-energy radiation with a wavelength less than 1 nm; causes removal of electrons. |
| Nonionizing Radiation | radiation kills microorganisms (sterilizing radiation); has wavelength longer thn that of ionizing radiation, usually greater than about 1 nm; best example is UV light |
| Phenols and Phenolics | phonol (carbolic acid) is usedto control surgical infections in the operating room, low dosages as a throat lozenge for local anesthetic effect; at concentrations above 1%, it works well; phenolics, derivitive of phenol chemically changed to reduce irritating qualities or increase antibac activity, such as soap or detergent; injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes |
| Halogens | iodine and chlorine; effective antimicrobials; Iodine - impairs protein synthesis and alters cell membranes by forming complexes with amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids; chlorine - forms hypochlorous acid when added to water which is a strong oxidizing agent tha tprevents muc of cellular enzym system from functioning |
| Alcohols | effectively kills bacteria and fungi but ot endospores and noneveloped viruses. action of alcohol is usually protein dentaturation, but alcohol can also disrupt membranes adn dissole amny lipids, including athe lipid component of envoleped viruses |
| Heavy metals and their compounds | can be biocidal or aniseptic; incudes silver, mercury and copper; exerts antimicrobial activity referred to as oligodynamic action |
| Soaps and detergents | soap has little value as an antiseptic, but does have importatn function in mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing; breaks oily film on tiny droplets (emulsification) and water and soap lif up oil and debris and float them away in lather |
| Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (quats) | most widely used surface-active agents are cationic detergents; cleansing ability is related to the positively charged portion (cation) of molecule; stronly bactericidal against gram-positive bacterial and less active against gram-negative; also fungicidal, amoebicidal and virucidal against enveloped viruses; do not kill endospores or mycobacteria |
| Aldehydes | among most effective antimicrobials; inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross-links with several organic functional groups on proteins (-NH2, -OH, -COOH, -SH); formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde |
| Ethylene Oxide | sterilization with liquid chemicals; activity depends on alkylation (replacing proteins labile hydrogen atoms in chemical group such as -SH, -COOH, or -CH2CH2OH) with chemical radiation; requires closed champer similar to steam autoclave because it is gaseous |
| Peroxygens | group of oxidizing agents that include peroxide and peracetic acid; |
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