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bill proposed law presented for approval to a legislative body Elastic Clause part of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to make laws necessary for carrying out its duties Expressed/Implied Legislative Powers the powers that authorize Congress to pass certain kinds of laws; "expressed": specifically listed; "implied": not specified; Article 1, Section 8 in Constitution and also in specific amendments legislation proposed or enacted law or group of laws Majority/Minority Party majority: party with the greatest number of members; minority: part with the second greatest number of members in a legislature President pro tempore senator who presides over the US Senate in the absence of the vice president Speaker of House member of the majority party elected to lead the US House of Reps. term limits prevent office-holders from serving more than a certain number of terms in a row veto right or power to prevent a bill that has passed the legislature from becoming a law execute to carry out or enforce Presidential Succession plan for what happens if the president dies or can't perform the duties of office pardon to give legal forgiveness for a crime and thus prevent or end punishment amnesty pardon given to a group of people who break the law bureaucracy large, complex, hierarchical organization Executive Privilege right of a president to keep information secret from Congress in order to protect the nation's security Cabinet group of top advisors to the president. It includes the heads of the executive depts. and other officers the president may choose diplomats person who works with leaders of other nations to carry out US foreign policy foreign policy plan for how the US will deal with foreign countries impeachment formal charge of an official with a crime or corruption jurisdiction area of power or authority; in the judiciary, it defines what particular cases or kinds of cases a court can hear Court of Appeals federal courts that review the process of how lower trial courts decided previous cases, or how the law itself was applied. They handle many cases that would otherwise overburden the Supreme Court District Courts federal courts that conduct trials of cases that have not previously been heard Trial Courts courts that hear civil and criminal cases Magistrate officer of a district court who handles many of the duties of the district court judge Prosecuting Attorney government's legal representative who brings charges in a case appeal request made after a trial for review of the trial court's decision by a higher court judicial review constitutional provision for courts to decide if acts of the government are constitutional brief document written to submit a legal argument to a court; usually sets out the facts of the case and a party's argument opinion written statement explaining a Supreme Court decision