| Term | Definition |
|---|
| culture | the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization |
| ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| relativism | (philosophy) the philosophical doctrine that all criteria of judgment are relative to the individuals and situations involved |
| relativistic fallacy | the idea that it is impossible to make moral judgments about the beliefs and behaviors of members of other cultures |
| sedentary | not migratory; settled |
| progress | gradual improvement or growth or development |
| swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. |
| agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock |
| population density | number of individuals per unit area |
| economic development | the level of economic growth and quality of life |
| interpersonal theory of disease | A view of disease in which it is assumed that illness is caused by tensions of conflicts in social relations |
| commodity money | a monetary system based on some item of value, for example, gold or precious stones |
| fiat money | money talk is deemed legal tender by the government, and its not based on or convertable into commodity |
| Gross Domestic Product | the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year. |
| political capital | the freedom we have to regulate our lives and the access we have to societal leaders and decision makers, into money. |
| social capitol | the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network |
| Free Trade | international trade free of government interference |
| market externalities | Costs or benefits of economic transactions that are not included in prices. These may include the environmental, social, or political consequences of market transactions |
| Cultural Anthropology | the branch of anthropology that deals with human culture and society |
| ethnographic method | scientist participant observation, ethnographic fieldwork, full immersion into lives and cultures of that being studied in order to understand and comprehend |
| participant observation | a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
| cultural text | A way of thinking about culture as a text of significant symbols - words, gestures, drawings, natural objects - that carries meaning |
| irrigation agriculture | A form of cultivation in which water is used to deliver nutrients to growing plants |
| plow | a farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil and cut a furrow prior to sowing |
| slash and burn | Cutting down vegetation then burning it to create fine soil to grow crops |
| ethnocentric fallacy | judging other cultures by the standards of your own, which you believe to be superior, to an ignorant extent where your views become fallacious. |
| Globalization | The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world. |
| Emic | approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider |
| Etic | approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider |
| Functionalism | approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society |
| Historical Particularism | It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. |
| Structuralism | a sociological theory based on the premise that society comes before individuals |
| Marxism | the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded |
| Holism | the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole |
| Five types of Food Procurment | Gathering/Hunting, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Swidden Agriculture |
| Horticulture | gardens and tending a few critters |
| Pastoralism | dependence on domesticated animals |
| Agriculture | farming and raising animals with the help of water control & technology |
| Swidden Agriculture | clearing temporary fields for mixed crops based on timing and staged regrowth |
| Oasis | Evidence was in dry areas – thought to have dried at the same time that agriculture emerged. Concentration led to invention by necessity.) |
| Natural Habitat | Early domesticates were found near the wild ancestors. Familiarity led to shift to agriculture as a better life. |
| Edge | Need to domesticate is strong at the edge of the plant/animal range as production is lower. |
| Social | Social structure and cultural life must change along with the adoption of agriculture, possibly as a pre-requisite. |
| Agency | the capacity for human beings to make choices and impose those choices on the world |
| Population Pressure | Hunter-gatherer isn't that bad, unless food shrinks or population grows. Agriculture is more intensive. |
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