| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Scott v. Sandford (1857) | Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the White and colored races" was constitutional |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kans., was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the United States |
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) | Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during World War II |
| Reed v. Reed (1971) | Supreme Court decision that for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination |
| Craig v. Boren (1976) | Supreme Court decision that established the "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) | Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race |
| Adarand Constructors v. Pena (1995) | Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional |
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