Pre-AP Early American History
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indianpower213 on June 17, 2012
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239 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Jamestown | First permanent colony (1607) |
| Captain John Smith | Captain from Britain, who writes all of his accounts and talks about Jamestown |
| Plymouth Colony | very first colony for Puritans |
| Pilgrims | first colonists to come to Plymouth, escaping religious persecution from England |
| Puritans | religion of New England, specifically Massachusetts |
| Mayflower Compact | first constitution in America; It allowed religious freedom |
| MA Bay Colony | joint-stock company in MA; located on the harbor for ports |
| John Winthrop | settles Massachusetts Bay; governor of Massachusetts |
| "City on a Hill" | New Haven, MA (it was the closest city to heaven) |
| VA House of Burgesses | The first assembly elected in the English colony; the first governing body |
| Proprietorship | when businesses own colonies |
| George Calvert | The 1st baron of Baltimore |
| Act of Toleration (1649) | Act which states that Maryland will tolerate Catholics |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Event in which frontiersmen led by Nathanial Bacon were angry at the governor of Virginia (Berkley), because he wasn't protecting them from Indian raids |
| Headright System | Set up a legal grant for land to new settlers (proprietorship) |
| Indentured Servant | Term for people obligated to forced labor for 7 years in exchange for passage to the New World |
| Antinomianism | Term given to when people began to believe that religious laws weren't real |
| Roger Williams | governor of Rhode Island (or the "gutter") as a haven for all prejudices |
| Anne Hutchinson | Woman who believed your faith is your law and that you don't have to listen to the church |
| Quakers | The religious group that settled primarily in Pennsylvania and believed in peace and the Holy Spirit |
| William Penn | The creator of the Quakers and founder of Pennsylvania |
| Mercantilism | term for when one country has control over another country and they take all your stuff |
| Navigation Acts | Acts which stated that America can only trade with Britain |
| Triangle Trade | The small but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, England, and the West Indies. This brought slavery to America. |
| Halfway Covenant | The plan by Puritan ministers to offer partial church membership through baptism |
| First Great Awakening | The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Father of the Great Awakening |
| Cotton Mather | New England Puritan minister who started the Salem Witch Trials |
| Salem (1692) | Witch Trials in which women were accused of being witches |
| Manumission | The act of slave owners freeing their slaves (before the 13th Amendment) |
| Poor Richard's Almanac | The first almanac, which was created by Benjamin Franklin and forecasted weather |
| John Peter Zenger | publisher of the New York Weekly, who started freedom of press, because people tried to shut him down, but he refused |
| French and Indian War | War in which France, allied with the Indians, fight Britain (Part of the Seven Years War) |
| Albany Plan of Union | Plan made after the French and Indian War that gave dominant control of Eastern United States and Canada to Britain |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | Ended French and Indian War (resulted in end of French intervention in America) |
| Salutary Neglect | Period in which the colonies were free to live as they please and trade with various countries |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Stated that America is not aloud to expand past the Appalachian Mountains |
| Sugar Act (1764) | Act in which Britain placed tax on sugar |
| Virtual representation | Term which stated that Americans are still British people, therefore they are represented in Britain |
| Stamp Act (1765) | Act which stated that you had to get a stamp from Britain |
| Quartering Act (1765) | Act which stated that you have to house British troops |
| Virginia resolution | series of resolves passed to speak out against the Stamp Act (stated- "no taxation without representation") |
| Stamp Act Congress | Took place in NYC; 9 of the 13 colonies met and said that they had three major problems - trial by jury, right to self-taxation, and get rid of maritime courts) |
| Sons and Daughters of Liberty | Activists of the Revolution who encouraged boycott of British goods |
| Writs of assistance | The very first search and seizure (gave government authority to search people's houses of guns and weapons) |
| Declaratory Act (1766) | Act which declared that the Stamp Act was repealed |
| Townshend Acts (1767) | series of laws passed, which included small acts like the Paper Act and the Stamp Act |
| Samuel Adams | Political activist from Boston who created a pamphlet that said that everyone should come together and fight against the British |
| Boston Massacre (1770) | Event in which British troops showed up in Boston and supposedly killed innocent people who were protesting against the British people being in America |
| Patrick Henry | Person who gave the speeches about "no taxation without representation" and "Give me liberty or give me death" |
| John Dickinson | American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia who became a militia officer during the Revolution |
| Crispus Attucks | The first person shot in the Revolution (he was black) |
| Committees of Correspondence | Underground networks of communication and propaganda organized by colonists |
| Boston Tea Party (1773) | Event in which Revolutionists dressed up as Indians and threw tea in the Boston Harbor |
| Intolerable Acts (1774) | Acts which were punishment for the Boston Tea Party and included the Boston Port Act |
| Quebec Act (1774) | Act which denied Quebec a representative assembly |
| First Continental Congress (1774) | Congress which made documents for getting ready for war |
| Articles of Confederation | "Firm League of Friendship"; have the power of interstate commerce and foreign affairs |
| Second Continental Congress (1775) | Congress which made the Declaration of Independence |
| Common Sense | written by Thomas Paine and said we should remove from Britain |
| Lexington and Concord | place of the first battles of the American Revolution |
| Olive Branch Petition | Offered to the king before the Declaration of Independence and asked for a truce -, On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. |
| Saratoga | Battle between British and Indian forces and the American troops (turning point of the Revolution) |
| French Alliance of 1778 | Alliance between America and France during the Revolutionary War, which stated that France will be peaceful with us |
| Loyalists (Tories) | Term given to those who opposed independence for the colonies and were loyal to Britain |
| Yorktown (1781) | Town in which the American Revolution was ended |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | Treaty which ends the Revolutionary War |
| Shay's Rebellion | led by Daniel Shay to go up against the armory |
| Annapolis Convention | Where delegates got together and called for the very first constitutional convention |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | The plan for the orderly admittance of new territories to the US in the Northwest |
| Philadelphia Convention (1787) | Convention in which the Constitution was made |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution |
| Alexander Hamilton | First Treasurer of the US; He wanted national banks |
| Virginia Plan | Also called the Big State Plan; established House of Representatives and wanted one legislature |
| New Jersey Plan | Also called the Little State Plan; established Senate (equal representation) and wanted a bicameral legislature |
| Connecticut Plan | Agreement between the VA and NJ Plan; it stated that we would have two houses (a House of Representatives and a Senate) |
| 3/5s Compromise | Said that blacks are 3/5s of a person |
| Federalists | Party which believed in a strict reading of the constitution and that power lies with the government |
| Anti-Federalists | Party which believed in a loose reading of the constitution and that power lies within the state |
| Federalist Papers | Book of essays that explain why the government has to be Federalist |
| Judiciary Act (1789) | Act which created the Federal Court System and set up the Supreme Court |
| Report on Public Credit (1790) | This was the first major analyze of America's economy |
| Report on Manufactures (1791) | This was the first report on manufacturers in the US |
| Jay Treaty (1794) | Treaty between Britain and America after Britain violated the Treaty of Paris 1783; it keeps us out of another war with Britain (for the time being) |
| Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | This event was caused by an excise tax which angered farmers in Pennsylvania; It was the first time President Washington used military intervention |
| XYZ Affair | Affair which occurred when three French agents came to the US and demanded money for peace |
| Alien and Sedition Acts (1789) | A series of laws passed by John Adams which limited the rights of immigrants and also limited freedom of speech |
| Kentucky Resolution | written by James Madison; stated that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional |
| Virginia Resolution | written by Thomas Jefferson; stated that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional |
| Revolution of 1800 | Election which resulted in the change from a Federalist president to Democratic-Republican presidents |
| Louisiana Purchase | Known as the greatest real-estate deal in history (by Napoleon and Jefferson) |
| Lewis and Clark | The two explorers that Jefferson sent out to scout out the Louisiana Territory and were led by Sacagawea |
| Judiciary Act (1801) | Act which establishes judicial review and happens because of the Midnight Judges |
| Midnight Judges | nickname given to the judges that Adams appointed a minute before his term ended |
| Judicial Review | created by the Judiciary Act |
| John Marshall | 1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice appointed by President John Adams. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. Was involved with outlining Judicial Review. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Supreme Court case which established a precedent of judicial review |
| Fletcher v. Peck (1810) | Court cases in which the Supreme Court ruled for the first time that a state law was unconstitutional |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | Court case which said that the power to tax is the power to destroy and ruled against Maryland |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | court case which protected contracts from states interference |
| Cohens v. Virginia (1821) | Court case in which the Supreme Court went against Virginia for the first time (Virginia had accused brothers of illegally selling lottery tickets) |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. |
| Aaron Burr | Best known for killing Hamilton in an 1804 duel |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Act which stated that we are no longer going to trade with Britain |
| Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) | created by Nathaniel Macon; it was against impressments of US sailors by Britain |
| War Hawks | term given to people who wanted to fight the War of 1812 |
| John C. Calhoun | spokesman for slavery; also a part of the Corrupt Bargain of 1824 |
| Henry Clay | helped to create a compromise over slavery (Compromise of 1850) |
| War of 1812 | The 2nd American Revolution between Britain and the US |
| Impressments | Term given for when British sailors captured US sailors and enslaved them |
| Hartford Convention (1814) | Happened in Connecticut; said that when the War of 1812 was over, New England would succeed and be their own territory (working for Britain). It was against the Embargo Act. |
| Treaty of Ghent (1814) | Treaty which ended the War of 1812 |
| Battle of New Orleans | This last battle of the War of 1812 made Andrew Jackson's name known, when he defeated the British out of Louisiana ports |
| Era of Good Feelings | era in which there was only one political party (Democratic-Republicans) |
| Tariff of 1816 | protective tariff on goods from other countries |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) | Agreement between Britain and the US which kicked the British out of the area near the Great Lakes |
| Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) | Treaty in which the US purchased Florida from the Spanish |
| Panic of 1819 | The United States' first major financial crisis, which occurred during the Era of Good Feelings |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | Compromise which divides territories between pro-slavery and anti-slavery states to have equal amounts of each |
| Monroe Doctrine (1820) | Stated that there could be no foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere and that if they did attack us, we could intervene. |
| Erie Canal | Canal which connects the Great Lakes to New York |
| Robert Fulton | created the steamboat, which allowed you to trade farther, because you could now travel up-stream |
| Eli Whitney | Invented interchangeable parts and the cotton gin |
| Samuel Slater | Father of the American Industrial Revolution, who built factories exactly like how they were in Britain |
| Lowell System | Located in New England; it was the first women textile industry |
| Denmark Vesey (1822) | African America who led a revolt (the first slave revolt in America) |
| Tariff of Abomination (1828) | This raised the price of imported manufactured goods, which hurt the South's economy; it starts the nullification crisis |
| Corrupt Bargain | Involved Quincy Adams, Calhoun, and Jackson running for president; Quincy Adams got Calhoun's votes |
| Age of the Common Man | Age in which Jackson wants anybody who wants to be in the government in the government, not just the elite. |
| King Andrew | The South's nickname for Jackson, because he is doing everything that he wants to do as president |
| Spoils System | Term given to the idea that the president can appoint whomever they wish to various offices (occurs during Jackson's presidency) |
| Peggy Eaton Affair | Social scandal that involved the rumored affair of the Secretary of War and a married woman; it was to make Jackson look bad, because the man involved was in Jackson's cabinet |
| Indian Removal Act (1830) | Act which removes Indians out of Georgia |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | Court case which found in favor of the Cherokees and stated that Georgia had no jurisdiction over them |
| Worcested v. Georgia (1832) | Court case which prohibits non-Indians (unless they have a license) from being present in Indian lands |
| Trail of Tears | The forced journey of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River; created by Jackson, but initiated by Van Buren |
| Nullification | to void or revoke a law (like South wanted to with the Tariff of Abominations) |
| Webster-Hayne Debate | Debate between two men over protective tariffs |
| Proclamation to the People of SC | issued by Jackson; it was his response to the South's nullification (basically said that he would come down there and shoot them if they tried to nullify) |
| Second Bank of the US | created by the federal government and was located in Philadelphia |
| Nicholas Biddle | president of the 2nd bank of the US |
| Two-Party System | term for when there were two parties in the American system (Whigs and Democrats) |
| "pet banks" | a degrading term for a state bank |
| Roger Taney | Chief Justice of the US and makes the decision in the Dred Scott Decision |
| Specie Circular | Jackson's monetary policy that says he wants silver coins |
| "Log Cabin & Cider" campaign | William Henry Harrison's campaign which stood for the common man |
| "Peculiar institution" | called this because slavery was killing the economy of the South |
| Nat Turner | led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia |
| Panic of 1837 | Panic which was caused by Bank War and Specie Circular and destroyed the Second Bank of the US |
| Second Great Awakening | Happens in the 19th century and was a Christian religious revival |
| Mormons | Group which started in Kansas and moved to Utah; believed in polygamy |
| Joseph Smith | founder and leader of the Mormon church |
| Brigham Young | replaced Joseph Smith after he was jailed; he moved the Mormons west to Utah |
| Romanticism | intellectual movement that was in the late 18th century |
| Transcendentalism | philosophy in which a person has a direct relation with God and nature and could achieve reason |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | American poet and a leading voice of the transcendentalists |
| Henry David Thoreau | American poet, author, and abolitionist; a leading voice of the transcendentalists |
| Brook Farm | Utopian movement where they tried to do communal living |
| Shakers | believed in God. This group was celibate and therefore died out |
| Oneida Community | group that lived in New York; it was a Utopian society that believed in polygamy and communal ownership of property and of raising children; they later made silverware |
| Joseph Henry Noyes | Leader of cooperative community in Oneida, New York that was attacked as being a sinful experiment in "free love." |
| Thomas Cole | English-born American artist and founder of the Hudson River School |
| Frederick Church | abolitionist and American artist, who used art for abolition |
| Hudson River School | art and literature school founded by Thomas Cole |
| Washington Irving | American author who wrote "Sleepy Hollow" |
| James Fennimore Cooper | wrote "The Last of the Mohicans" |
| Nathanial Hawthorne | American novelist and short-story writer; wrote "The Scarlet Letter" |
| Temperance | movement which pushed for laws on the restriction of alcohol |
| Dorthea Dix | woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals |
| Horace Mann | leader of the push to create a public school system in America |
| Grimke Sisters | sisters for abolition and women's rights |
| Lucretia Mott | A Quaker, abolitionist, and women's rights leader |
| Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony | 2 women's rights advocates who helped sponsor the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) | women's rights convention in NY where they signed the Declaration of Sentiments |
| William Lloyd Garrison | (1805-1879) Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| "The Liberator" | newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison against slavery |
| Frederick Douglass | freed slave and abolitionist who published the "North Star" |
| Harriet Tubman | Conductor of the Underground Railroads |
| Sojourner Truth | former slave who worked for women's rights and published the book called "Ain't I A Woman" |
| David Walker | The 8th governor of Florida who opposed Florida's succession; he was also a Southern Unionist |
| Amelia Bloomer | women's rights advocate who created the bloomers |
| Whigs | name for the pre-Republican party who was against slavery |
| Manifest Destiny | The term for the God-given right for America to move West |
| Stephen Austin | Father of Texas |
| Sam Houston | president of the Republic of Texas who leads the rebellion in Texas |
| Santa Ana | leader of Mexico during the Mexican-American War |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) | ended border issues between the US and British North America (Maine and the Great Lakes) |
| Gold Rush | name given to the rapid migration to California for gold |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | invented the first successful telegraph |
| Compromise of 1850 | ended the DC slave trade; admitted California as a free state; contained the Mexican Cession; the federal government forgave Texas of their debt; and contained the Fugitive Slave Law |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Stated that if slaves run to the North, they are aloud to be taken back to the South |
| Underground Railroad | How Harriet Tubman helps slaves escape |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners and Europeans, to become anti-slavery. |
| Hinton Helper | wrote "The Impending Crisis of the South" |
| George Fitzhugh | American social theorist who justified slavery by saying that black people were just children and needed to be in slavery |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | Act which stated that Kansas is a free state and Nebraska is a slave state |
| Know-Nothings | party of people who don't do anything and are neutral |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | This man's job was to go to the harbors of Japan and open up trade |
| 54 degree 40 or Fight! | Polk's campaign of taking over the entire Oregon territory |
| Mexican War | war over the Texas boundary dispute |
| John C. Fremont | first candidate of the Anti-slavery Republican party |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) | treaty which end Mexican-American Wr |
| Wilmot Proviso | bands slavery from the states that we got from Mexican War |
| Free Soilers | political party who did not want slavery in the Midwest and got absorbed in the Republican Party |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) | Treaty between US and Britain to not build the Nicaragua Canal. The US later builds the Panama Canal instead. |
| Gadsden Purchase | purchase of Southern New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico |
| Popular Sovereignty | term for the majority rule on slavery |
| "Bleeding Kansas" | Event in which popular sovereignty voted 50/50 on Kansas. Then there was a battle between the North and South on whether it was slave or free. It ended up being free. |
| John Brown | anti-slavery man who raids Harper's Ferry, and later becomes a martyr for the North |
| Harper's Ferry | the town in Virginia which John Brown raided in attempts to take it over and start a slave revolt |
| Sumner-Brooks | Brooks beats Sumner, because Sumner bad-mouthed slavery. Sumner becomes mentally retarded and Brooks becomes very popular in the North. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) | Dred Scott's master died in a free state, so Scott says that he is free. Chief Justice Roger Taney says that Scott has no rights, is not a citizen, and cannot even be in court because he is black. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | debates over the economy that gets involved in slavery. Douglas wins the debates. The debates increase sectionalism in the states |
| A House Divided Cannot Stand | Name of Lincoln's platform to rebuild the Union |
| Freeport Doctrine | Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. This concept was called Popular sovereignty. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. |
| Crittenden Compromise | unsuccessful proposal compromise to resolve the succession crisis |
| Fort Sumter | Fort which the South illegally blockaded (it was illegal because it was a federal fort). The South then fired the first shots of the Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederacy |
| Bull Run I | The first battle of the Civil War, in which the South won. this proved that the war would not last only 90 days as the North believed. Important because showed the Union that it needed to be serious about this conflict, and gave a South a sense of false pride which, ultimately, was bad for them. |
| Bull Run II | Battle towards the end of the Civil war in which the North wins and starts the demise of the South |
| Anaconda Plan | Union's plan to wrap around the Mississippi River and block out ports so that the South won't have supplies, but did not work. |
| George McClellan | Union General in the battle of Antietam who was fired because he was weak as a leader |
| Antietam | The single, bloodiest battle in the Civil war. And also the battle in which the South gets closest to D.C. |
| Merrimac | The Southern ironclad ship (one of the two first metal ships used in the Civil War) |
| Monitor | The Northern ironclad ship (one of the two first metal ships used in the Civil War) |
| Gettysburg | Battle of the Civil War which was the turning point in which the North wins and begins to win for the rest of the war |
| 13th Amendment | Amendment under Andrew Johnson's presidency which said that blacks are free |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Under Lincoln's presidency; it stated that slaves in territories fighting against the Union were free |
| Sherman's "March to the Sea" | Name for when Sherman led a march to the South and, on the way, destroyed anything of military value (scorched-earth policy). This becomes the new Northern policy of war. |
| Appomattox | town in which the Civil War ended |
| Ex parte Merriman | suspended habeas corpus |
| Copperheads | Name for the Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War |
| Greenbacks | Name for the group of people who federally supported currency |
| Morrill Tariff Act (1861) | protective tariff which contributed to the cause of the Civil War |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Act which stated that you get 60 acres of land if you stay there for 10 years |
| Ex parte Milligan | suspended the military from setting up a Court to try someone (you must go to civilian courts) |
| 10% Plan | stated that 10% of voters in the 1860 election had to take an oath of allegiance and accept emancipation; excluded African Americans from voting; its purpose was to get Southern state to come back to the US It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln) |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Hayes was the president who ended Reconstruction and pulls troops out of the South in the Compromise of 1877 Lincoln's plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War. His basic policy was to avoid punishment of the South because he wanted to make sure that he could bring the South back into the Union. |
| Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | said that if you were part of the Confederate army, you have no rights. Lincoln doesn't like this because he thinks it is too harsh so he uses the pocket veto, which basically makes the Bill disappear Harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill that provided the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union; it required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, the disenfranchisement of Confederate officials, and the repudiation of Confederate debt. Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto |
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