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President Lincoln's decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can be best characterized as a middle of the road solution Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort At the start of the war, Lincoln believed all of the following EXCEPT blacks and whites were completely equal in all respects In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln used Constitutionally dubious methods Lincoln's decision to suspend the writ of habeas corpus allowed him to detain dangerous secessionists without evidence Lincoln's declaration at the start of the war that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of more talented military leaders The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its economy The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its economy A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was intervention from Britain and France The south believed that the British would come to its aid because Britain was dependent on Southern cotton To fill the army's demand for troops, prior to 1863, the North relied mainly on volunteers In Lincoln's attempts to preserve the Union, he did all of the following questionable actions as president EXCEPT refused to implement a draft, or conscription law, during the war Arrange the following in chronological order: the Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's surrender at Appomattox, the Battle of Antietam 1. the Battle of Bull Run 2. The Battle of Antietam 3. The Battle of Gettysburg 4. Lee's surrender at Appomattox In a way, the Union's defeat in Battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, is best described as overly cautious After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, Gen. George McClellan made the mistake of consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following EXCEPT striking deep into the Confederacy via the Appalachian Mountain chain After halting Lee's troops at Antietam Gen. McClellan was removed from his field of command The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy General Grant was criticized for all of the following EXCEPT his poor understanding of military strategy The North's victory at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in states still in rebellion against the United States All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation EXCEPT widespread slave rebellions in the south The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance for all of the following reasons EXCEPT it was the last major battle of the Civil War As a theorist of warfare, General William T. Sherman was a pioneer of the strategy of total warfare aimed at destroying civilian morale Farming on the Great Plains was difficult because The soil was dense and difficult to break, summers were hot and dry, with little water, there were frequent dust storms, swarms of locusts destroyed crops (All of the above) The Great Plains are located between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Which best describes the plant and animal life on the Plains? diverse, in spite of the extreme climate The most powerful tribe of Plains Indians were the Sioux In 1864, relations between the Indians and the US gov. began to seriously deteriorate when US soldiers killed 450 Indians who thought they were under the protection of the gov. during Chivington Massacre 264 troopers were killed, often brutally by the Sioux during Custer's Last Stand (Little Bighorn) The last tragedy of the Indian Wars occurred here, in 1890, when the US cavalry killed 200 men, women and children were killed after a fight broke out The Battle at Wounded Knee What was the Battle at Wounded Knee about? The Natives did a ghost dance to go against the gov., which was trying to "Americanize" them. "I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed..my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more, forever." This quote is from Chief Joseph, of the Nez Perce What were the houses on the Plains like? They were made out of sod (dirt) because there weren't any other materials on the Plains to make them out of, such as brick. They were called sod houses. The Homestead Act of 1862 offered settlers free land in exchange for creating farms Which of the following was NOT a reason Americans moved west after the Civil War jobs in factories What was the most common crop in the west, because of its tolerance for dry weather? wheat What invention made farming the Plains possible? Who invented it? steel plow, John Deere Prairie families were able to access water through water pumping windmills that accessed water deep underground The Dawes Act of 1887 offered Indians 160 acres in exchange for abandoning their old lifestyle and customs The Dawes Act could be interpreted positively or negatively. Explain Positively - it gave the Natives land and a means of survival. Negatively - the gov. wanted to "civilize" the Natives and make them abandon their Native culture and lifestyle Treaties between the US gov. and the Plains Indians were often deliberately broken, but there were frequent misunderstandings below. Why was this the case? The Americans did not understand that there was more than 1 Native American tribe and that they were all different. They did not understand the Natives' lifestyle of using every part of the buffalo and believed that their nomadic lifestyle was salvage. The Natives did not understand the Americans' way of buying, selling, and marking land. Compare and contrast the way white settlers hunted buffalo with the way the Plains Indians hunted buffalo White settlers hunted buffalo for pride. They also hunted for fun from inside trains. Natives hunted to survive. They used every piece of the buffalo to help them live while white settlers wasted many parts of the buffalo. Which of the following was NOT and effect of the Transcontinental Railroad? Vanderbilt's railroad monopoly The map of the US below is clearly divided into four zones. This was a result of standard time JP Morgan made his fortune through banking Andrew Carnegie made his fortune through steel John D. Rockefeller made his fortune through oil JP Morgan was nicknamed the "Great Reorganizer" because he saved failing companies by merging and restructuring them Which best describes Andrew Carnegie's background? a poor Scottish immigrant John D. Rockefeller started out by using his savings to buy a small refinery Rockefeller eventually owned most of the oil refineries in the US--he had a/n monopoly Industrialization had positive and negative effects. Name two of each Positive - more jobs, more products Negative - impersonal jobs, large companies became more powerful than the gov. Carnegie used a large part of his fortune to create public libraries Why did Mark Twain call the period from 1865 to 1900 the Gilded Age? although there was wealth in the cities, there was corruption and poverty just underneath. Which of the following were the most helpful in allowing the country to provide huge amounts of food for the growing cities? railroads and the McCormick reaper Samuel Gompers created the American Federation of Labor Which of the following was NOT a goal of labor unions? more education The "Wish Book" from Sears was one of the first catalogs The "new wave" of immigrants after the Civil War mostly came from Eastern Europe and Italy Immigrants typically lived in old, dilapidated buildings called tenements Explain how a "political machine" worked. Political machines gave jobs, money, support, and shelter to immigrants. Immigrants gave votes and political support to the political machine. The most famous political machine was called ___, and it was run by _____. Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed Created many political cartoons that brought the corruption of political machines to light Thomas Nast The Immigration Act of 1882 turned away criminals and paupers In 1882, the US gov. went so far as to prohibit all immigration from China Booker T. Washington's model of education for blacks emphasized practical skills W.E.B. DuBois's model of education for blacks emphasized an intellectually rigorous education, black history and culture, immediate political rights (all of the above) How might the different backgrounds of Washington and Du Bois have affected their outlooks? Washington grew up on a slave plantation in the South, which allowed him to see some of the benefits of farming. Du Bois went to school in the North, where he grew up, so he saw more politics than farming. He believed that all blacks should go to school to learn academics, not labor. Which of the following were presidents during the 1920s? Herbert Hoover and Calvin Coolidge What were the presidents' attitude towards business during the 1920s? laissez-faire, hands off The most famous flourishing of black arts and culture in the 1920s took place in Harlem During the Great Migration, African Americans moved from The rural south to the urban north The assembly line was invented by Henry Ford As a result of inexpensive automobiles, more people moved to the suburbs In the Scopes Monkey trial, a teacher went on trial for teaching evolution The prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Trial was Williams Jennings Bryant After WWI, _____ had to pay reparations to _____. Germany, France/England After WWI, _____ had to pay back loans to _____. France/England, US After WWI, _____ loaned money to _____. US, Germany Which country put an end to this cycle, contributing to the Great Depression? Germany FDR's "New Deal" Increased the power of the federal government and introduced the idea that gov. is responsible for helping people through tough economic times The "CCC" was responsible for putting men to work by improving parks and recreation areas The WPA was responsible for putting men to work on essential infrastructure projects Which of the following are characteristics of Fascism? Extreme nationalism, close relationship between gov. and the military, powerful dictators Which three countries made up the Axis during WWII? Germany, Italy, Japan Which four countries made up the Allies during WWII? Russia, US, England, France Leading up to WWII, France and England adopted a policy of appeasement concerning Hitler. This means England and France attempted to strengthen diplomatic ties to Germany At the beginning of WWII, Americans were reluctant to enter the war The two theaters of WWII were Europe, the Pacific Americans were forced to enter WWII after Pearl Harbor Allied forces invaded Normandy, France, during D-Day The American turning point in the Pacific, against the Japanese, was the Battle of Midway How did the Americans justify dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? They wanted to avoid a land invasion of Japan. Describe the effect of WWII on the following: the economy racial integration women the economy - WWII ended the Great Depression because it created more jobs making weapons. racial integration - there was more racial integration in workplaces because more workers were needed. women - Women replaced men who went off to war in the workplace. At the Yalta conference, the Allied leaders discussed how to divide power in a post-war Europe. the leaders of the Allies at the Yalta conference Winston Churchill - England Franklin D. Roosevelt - US Joseph Stalin - Russia Which best summarizes the philosophies of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plans? US economic aid to war torn European countries will keep out Soviet influence. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the following countries had communist revolutions China, Korea, Vietnam