| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Agriculture | The raising of crops and animals for human use |
| What are the two divisions of agriculture? | Crop production and raising livestock |
| subsistence farming | farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing |
| commercial farming | raising crops and livestock for sale on the local or world market |
| what are the two types of farmers? | subsistence and commercial |
| fertile | has the necessary nutrients |
| arable | useful for farming |
| fertilizer | has 16 nutrients |
| PNK | phosphorous-nitrate-potassium |
| C H O S Ca Mn | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Calcium, Manganese |
| What are the major elements in fertilizer? | PNK |
| What are the other elements in fertilizer? | C, H, O, Ca, Mn |
| Lime | makes soil less acidic |
| What makes soil less acidic? | Lime |
| Compost | a mixture of various decaying organic substances, as dead leaves or manure, used for fertilizing soil |
| Sludge | Treated sewage and waste from food processing |
| What are the two forms of fertilizer? | Solid and liquid |
| Sheet Erosion | Peeling off thin layers of soil from the land surface; accomplished primarily by wind and water |
| Rill | a tiny grove in soil made by flowing water |
| gully | deep ditch cut by running water (especially after a prolonged downpour) |
| Wind erosion | moving of soil by wind |
| What are erosion prevention methods? | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour planting, strip cropping, terracing |
| conservation tillage | planting on old nutrient, process of growing crops without disturbing soil year to year, leaves 30% or more crop residue |
| crop rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
| contour planting | plowing field along the curve of a slope to prevent soil loss |
| strip cropping | alternating rows of crops with rows of hay |
| terracing | Carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming. |
| overgrazing | when cattle or sheep graze on grasses until almost no ground cover remains to protect the soil |
| fallow | n. Land broken up and left to become mellow or to rest. |
| legumes | seeds are in a pod, restores nitrogen to the soil |
| What are forms of land management? | Overgrazing, fallow, legumes |
| How do farmers deal with lack of water? | irrigation, sprinklers, wells, or aquaducts |
| growing season | time of year when crops can be raised |
| plowing | the turning and loosening of soil for the planting of crops |
| harrowing | smooth soil in a field |
| herbicides | a chemical that kills plants |
| pesticides | chemicals used to kill insects that destroy crops |
| crop dusting | spraying pesticides and herbicides on crops from an airplane |
| slash and burn | Cutting down vegetation then burning it to create fine soil to grow crops |
| nomadic | wandering, moving about from place to place |
| family farming | a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves but also to produce goods for sale in the market system. |
| plantation | a large farm where cash crops are grown |
| corporate farm | A large farm that is run by a corporation, or an aagricultural company |
| collective farm | a farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state |
| importation | the bringing of goods into an area |
| specialized farming | grow one crop |
| diversified farming | growing many different crops |
| cash crop | Farm crop raised to be sold for money |
| What are the different types of crops? | Cash crops, grain, forage, fruits and nuts, vegetables, sugar coffee and tea, industrial crops |
| grain | dry seedlike fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corn |
| forage | food for horses and cattle |
| industrial crops | trees (lumber, paper), cotton (cloth), jute (rope), rubber, hay (feed), flowers (perume, ornamental uses ) etc |
| farm animals | dairy cattle, beef cattle, swine, sheep, goat, poultry, draft animal |
| draft animals | animals used for pulling loads |
| diligence | constant effort used to accomplish a task |
| industry | a group of businesses that produce a similar product or provide a similar service |
| primary industry | the part of the economy that produces raw materials; examples include agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry |
| secondary industry | use natural resource or raw material to manufacture other products |
| Tertiary industry | distribute products and services |
| retailer | Intermediary that buys products from manufacturers or wholesalers and sells them to consumers |
| wholesale | the selling of goods to merchants |
| service industry | Business that provide a services instead of making goods |
| finance industry | banks, financiers, brokers |
| industrial revolution | the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850 |
| domestic system | early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home |
| steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomatives. |
| James Watts | Inventor who developed the steam engine in the mid 1700's |
| Gas engine | an internal-combustion engine similar to a gasoline engine but using natural gas instead of gasoline vapor |
| modern technology | improved communication, science |
| industrialized country | a developed country that earns money by running businesses |
| agricultural country | work is agricultural |
| developed country | a modern industrial society with a well-developed economy |
| developing country | high infant mortality rate, subsistence farming, high fertility rate, poor infrastructure; 75& of the world live here |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy |
| What effects the GDP? | Said value of stuff, value of products, influences development, food supply, labor supply, raw materials, management, energy supply, vehicles, market for goods, politics, |
| What influences trade? | market, politics, restrictions, tariffs. |
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