Biology p.7-12 ch.5 and p.1-2 ch.9
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Early ideas were based on ____ not ______. | Observations, experimentations. |
| Hippocrates created the ____ idea. | Pangenes. |
| The three main ideas of the Pangenes idea were what? | Particles called pangenes determine the features of each body cells, changes in the body cells lead to changes in the pangenes, pangenes are inherited from the body cells. |
| Aristotle claimed that the ____ to produce ____ is inherited. | Potential, body features. |
| What is the blending hypothesis? | A mixing or blending of parental characteristics. |
| What is artificial selection? | Breeding of domesticated animals for desirable traits. |
| Gregor Mendel experimented with ___. | Peas. |
| What characteristics of peas were essential to the success of Mendel's experiments? | In nature self fertilizing occurs in peas because petals enclose carpel and stamens keeping pollen within flower, Mendel was able to cross-fertilize using peas of particular traits, peas have various traits which are distinctive (not blendings) and true-breeding varities; self-fertilization produced offspring identical to parents (purplexpurple=all purple). |
| What time period was Mendel experimenting? | 1860's |
| What is the monohybrid cross? | Parents differ in only one character; current usage: cross between individuals which are heterozygous for one trait. |
| P generation (parental) are true breeding for ____ traits of the same _____. | Different, character. |
| What are traits? | Purple and white. |
| What is the character? | The flower color. |
| PxP=F1 generation (filial meaning son): all individuals are the ___________ _________ (visible character). | Same phenotype. |
| F1xF1=F2 generation: __:__ ratio for phenotypes. | 3:1 |
| There are ____ forms of genes (the inherited unit) called ____. | Alternate, alleles. |
| Each inherited character has ____ genes, one from each parent. | two |
| Egg and sperm carry ___ allele(s) for each trait and the alleles segregate (or seperate) during the production of _____ (principle of segregation). | One, gametes. |
| Alleles can be _____ or _____. | Recessive (not expressed if only one allele for that trait), dominant (expressed if there is only one allele for that trait). |
| ______; the visible trait of an individual (example: purple flowers). | Phenotype. |
| _____; the genetic combination of alleles of an individual (ex. PP). | Genotype. |
| _____; alleles for a character are the same (ex. PP). | Homozygous. |
| _____; alleles for a character are different (ex. Pp). | Heterozygous. |
| ______ is used to show the genotypic outcome of a mating. | Punnett square. |
| Chromosomes are _____. | Homologous. |
| Chromosomes do what? | Contain the genes for the same characters (flower color), alleles for the characters occcur at same locus (location), alleles for characters may be the same (P and P) or may be different (P and p). |
| Homologous chromosomes are _______ during production of eggs and sperm (meiosis). | Seperated (segregated). |
| Genotypic ratios for Aa x Aa would be ______. | AA:Aa:aa , 1:2:1. |
| Phenotypic ratios for Aa x Aa would be ______. | Brown Hair: Blonde Hair. 3:1 |
| Phospholipid bilayer contains _____ (interact with water) and ______ (don't interact with water). | Hydrophilic Heads, Hydrophobic Tails. |
| Cholesterol ____ the lipid bilayer, and _____'s the fluid nature of the bilayer. | Stabilizes, maintains. |
| Fluid- mosaic model means what? | The membrane is fluid; components move around in the bilayer and mosaic; refers to distribution of proteins within the bilayer. |
| Functions of membrane proteins are what? | Attachment to cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix, identification tags (cell recognition, particularily involves glycoproteins), junctions between cells, molecular assembly lines with enzymatic proteins, receptors for messengers such as hormones, transport of molecules in and out of cell. |
| Biological membranes are ____ ____ whcihc means that they _____. | Selective permeable; allow only select molecules to pass through, exclude many other molecules. |
| Pass transport _______ energy from the cell as the _________ is the driving force. | Does not require, concentration gradient. |
| Passive transport involves _______ molecules moving with the _____. | Small, concentration gradient. |
| Molecules are transported by ____ diffusion. | Simple. |
| Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of _____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration. | High, low. |
| Simple diffusion is driven by _______ and _____. | Kinetic energy of molecules, tendency for disorder (second law of thermodynamics). |
| Examples of simple diffusion include ________. | Oxygen exchange across red blood cell membranes. |
| ________:diffusion of water across a membrane. | Osmosis. |
| In a hypotonic solution the water moves into the ____, which is caused by salt concentration outside the cells being ___ than those inside the cells (or high "water concnetrations"). | Cell, lower. |
| Hypotonic solution causes animal cells to _______ and plant cells to become _____. | Swell and possibly burst (lyse), turgid. |
| In a hypertonic solution the water moves ____ of the cell which is caused by salt concentration oustide the cells being ____ than those inside the cells (or low "water concentrations"). | Out, higher. |
| Hypertonic solution causes animal cells to ____ and plant cells to ____. | Shrivel, plasmalyze. |
| In an isotonic solution water movement across the plasma membrane is in _____, this is the ___ condition for cells. | Equilibrium, normal. |
| Facilitated diffusion is used to transport _____ or _____ particles. | Larger, charged. |
| Facilitated diffusion used a ______ protein. | Membrane transport. |
| Facilitated diffusion ________ require additional energy from the cell. | Does not. |
| Active transport requires additional energy from the cell in the form of _____. | ATP. |
| In active transport molecules move _____ a concentration gradient (from low conc. area to high conc.). | Against. |
| Active transport requires the use of _____ proteins (protein pumps). | Membrane transport. |
| Examples of active transport include the ________ in nerve cells. | Na-K Pump. |
| Transport of very large molecules uses _____. | Transport vessicles. |
| The types of transport vessicles used for the transport of very large molecules are ____, and ____. | Exocytosis and endocytosis. |
| _____; used to expel molecules from the cell. | Exocytosis. |
| _____; used to take molecules into the cell. | Endocytosis. |
| _____: bulk particles, _____: fluid materials. | Phagocytosis, pinocytosis. |
| Receptor (mediated endocytosis) uses a _____ on the plasma membrane to recognize the substance to bring into the cell. | Protein Receptor. |
| Example of a mediated endocytosis is ____. | LDL (low density lipoprotein) uptake by liver cells. |
| Chloroplasts perform ___. | Photosynthesis. |
| Photosynthesis _____ light energy from the sun into ____ energy. | Converts, chemical. |
| Chemical energy is ____ of chemical bonds of sugars. | Potential energy. |
| Sugars are ____ for ____ use. | Stored, later. |
| Mitochondria perform ____. | Cellular respiration. |
| Cellular respiration converts potential energy of the ____ into potential energy in the phosphate bonds of _____. | Sugars, ATP. |
| ATP is then used as a ______ for use by the cell. | Energy transport molecule. |
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