Biology Test 1
About this set
Created by:
alongibr on October 13, 2009
Subjects:
biology, anatomy, Phisiology, anatomy and physiology, cells
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129 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 when is a scientific theory modified or discarded | when it is falsified, when a new theory has broader explanatory power |
| hierarchy of evidence | theory or law, hypothesis, facts |
| additive effect | each tested object acts independently, total effect is ~ sum of each acting alone |
| synergistic effect | larger than expected change in action of objects when in combination (greater than additive) |
| antagonistic effect | block or limit action of another object (less than additive) |
| what is a placebo effect | suggestion or sham event that has a positive impact on health |
| what is the nocibo effect? | suggestion or sham event has a negative impact |
| what is a double blind experiment? | patients assigned randomly to real or placebo and investigator doesnt know who gets real treatment |
| benefit of double blind experiment | measures potential placebo effect in test subject; avoids creating bias |
| number that p must be in order to be significant | less than or equal to 0.05 at 95% confidence level |
| what does science study? | the natural world; measurable and quantifiable. observing and explaining the natural world |
| what are the design features of good experiments? | 1. large sample size 2. random sampling 3. repeatable 4. falsifiable |
| why is sample size important? | needs to be large to avoid change events, detect rare responses |
| why is evolution so important in biology? | it is the core of all other theories and hypotheses |
| how could a placebo work? | placebos can increase brain's endorphin production to block pain |
| how are confidence interval or error bars used to show "significant" differences? | if the error bar touches the vertical line at 1, the study was not significant. |
| what is reserve capacity | it allows the body to suffer damage long before most failure becomes obvious. body has extra capacity in case of damage or stress |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a stable internal environment; equilibrium |
| why is it called dynamic equilibrium | because it is not constant but under homeostatic regulation- normal/regular pattern; relative stability |
| in the homeostasis loop what is "stress" | the action that causes the trigger to the stimulus |
| in the homeostasis loop what is the "receptor" | the part of the body that senses the stress |
| in the homeostasis loop what is the "integrator/controller" | the part of the body that regulates changes |
| in the homeostasis loop what is the "effector" | the part of the body that acts to respond to the stress |
| in the homeostasis loop what is the "response" | the action of responding to the stress translated by the effector |
| normal range | the range in which the body is okay; outside the normal range the body attempts to go back to the normal range |
| tolerance limits | are the limits outside the normal range that separate what the body can handle from what it can not |
| benefits of negative feedback response | helps regulate a system and return it to the norm |
| in what direction does a variable change as a result of a negative feedback response to a stress | the opposite direction that it was moving before |
| benefits of a positive feedback response | can be good in birth process/ turns on immune response/ speeds up metabolic rate/ can be essential in a larger negative feedback loop |
| in what direction does a variable change in response to a positive feedback response to a stress? | the variable continues to change in the same direction as before, but faster |
| what are the risks associated with positive feedback? | can push the body past tolerance limits, magnify the rate of change |
| what differentiates acids from bases | acids produce H+ ions and bases produce OH- molecules |
| hydrophobic | lacking affinity for water |
| hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water. |
| examples of hydrophobic substance | lipids; alkanes, oils, fats |
| examples of hydrophilic substances | typically are charge polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding |
| how are ions formed | by gain or loss of charge |
| how are molecules formed | by chemical bonds between atoms |
| what is the relative mass of Ps Ns and Es | P~1 N~1 E~1/2000 |
| how to find number of neutrons | atomic mass - atomic # |
| what is the normal range for extracellular (plasma) pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| potential energy | stored energy that is latent but available for use. A rock poised at the top of a hill or water stored behind a dam are examples. |
| kinetic energy | energy an object has due to its motion |
| synthesis | net energy input; assembles larger molecules from smaller components |
| dehydration | net energy output; breaks a molecule into smaller fragments |
| anabolism | the synthesis of new compounds in the body, but takes energy to create the chemical bond |
| catabolism | the decomposition reactions of complex molecules within cells |
| enzymes | reduce amount of energy required for reactions |
| carbohydrates | 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen ratio |
| organic molecules | large/complex, contains carbon and hydrogen; may ionize |
| monosaccharide | 1 sugar molecule |
| disaccharide | 2 sugar molecules |
| fatty acids | contains C, H and O but in a ratio different than that of carbs (1:2:1) |
| saturated fatty acids | max # of H atoms, all C-C bonds |
| monounsaturated fatty acids | fewer H atoms, 1 C=C bond |
| polyunsaturated fatty acids | fewer H atoms, multiple C=C bonds (shapes vary, bends usually) |
| what is called a "neutral fat" | triglyceride |
| triglyceride | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains |
| what type of fat is in butter | saturated |
| which fatty acid chain is most likely to be solid at room temperature | saturated fatty acids |
| amino acid | organic compounds containing a carbon in the middle, an amino group, a carboxylic acid group and a last group. |
| amino group | H2N (makes amino acid what it is) |
| essential amino acids | amino acids not produced by the body; must be in the diet |
| nonessential amino acids | can be produced by the body without intake of certain things |
| non-polar "remainder group" of amino acids | not as highly water soluble; hydrophobic |
| polar or charged "remainder group" | makes the whole molecule charged. highly water soluble |
| peptide bond | where the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid attaches to the amino group of another amino acid |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | when the primary structure begins to fold and forms hydrogen bonds (partial charge attractions) |
| beta sheet | fold of amino acids in secondary shape |
| alpha helix | spiraling of amino acids in secondary shape |
| tertiary structure | additional folding after the secondary structure |
| quarternary structure | tertiary structural units that connect together |
| polypeptide | a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids |
| what shape is hemoglobin | quarternary |
| what shape is myoglobin | tertiary |
| denature | to unfold/take away the natural characteristics |
| denaturation agents | heat. pH shift. pressure. |
| how do enzymes make our chemical reactions so efficient | shape-specific receptor sites, reusable fast; facilitate bond formation/breakage |
| what are enzymes made mostly of | proteins |
| characteristics of cholesterol | lipid, neutral, no charge, hydrophobic, nonpolarizing molecule |
| cholesterol vs. triglycerides | both non polar, both hydrophobic; difference: cholesterol doesnt have glycerol or a chain |
| HDL | high density lipoprotein (transport structure). more protein |
| LDL | low density lipoprotein (more cholesterol) |
| what makes HDL heavier than LDL? | protein is heavier than the cholesterol and HDL has more protein and less cholesterol than LDL |
| how can HDL/LDL carry things | the outside is (water soluble) hydrophilic and the inside is hydrophobic- can carry fats and cholesterol inside of them |
| simple diffusion | movement from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, only works with oily substances, needs to cross oily cell membrane (nonpolar substances), no energy is required |
| facilitated diffusion | many polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of a membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane |
| endocytosis | vesicular transport; the cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
| exocytosis | vesicular transport; process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| lysosome | an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells) |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
| cilia | short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface |
| microtubules | spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike substance |
| nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA. |
| centrosome | area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell |
| rough ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions |
| extracellular | outside of cell; includes; plasma, lymph, interstitial fluid |
| intracellular | inside of cell; cytosol |
| plasma | the fluid part of the blood |
| lymph | a special fluid system of transport (moving fluid back into the circulatory system) |
| interstitial fluid | Fluid between cells |
| phospholipids | phosphate group, glycerol, nonlipid group, 2 fatty acids |
| cell membrane built largely of | phospholipids |
| fatty acids in phospholipids | hydrophobic chains (nonpolar) |
| phosphate/nitrogen part of phospholipid | has high polarity/hydrophilic |
| how do phospholipids help build HDL and LDL | single layer helps build the walls of the container (so they have a hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic interior) |
| what types of substances easily cross through the phospholipid bilayer? | gases, hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules |
| what cannot pass easily through the bilayer on its own | glucose, amino acids, ions |
| how do molecules cross bilayer if they cant do it on their own | transport systems |
| passive transport | down the concentration gradient- requires kinetic energy |
| active transport | against of up the concentration gradient, needs cellular ATP |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| channel-mediated passive transport | small molecule moves through the bilayer through a channel passage way |
| carrier-mediated passive transport | larger molecule (than channel-mediated) is grabbed by the carrier and moved through the bilayer (shape of carrier changes) |
| are carriers rate limited? | yes |
| isotonic | normal extracellular fluid; 300 mOs; in blood serum |
| hypertonic | more solutes and less water than cell's intracellular fluid |
| hypotonic | less solutes and more water than cell's intracellular solution |
| what is another name for carrier-mediated transport | facilitated diffusion- no ATP involved |
| phagocytosis | the movement of large particles or whole cells., process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris |
| autophagy | digest old, damaged organelles. important protection against neural degen., cancer & infection |
| autolysis | lysosome rupture, releases digestive enzymes, causing cell death. important in development, infecion |
| cortisol/cortizone affect on lysosomes | lysosomes are less active. prevents release of enzymes. anti-inflammatory; but excessive use weakens bones |
| excess Vit. A affect on lysosomes | lysosomes are more active; promote autophagy; can lead to cartilage and bone breakdown, or birth defects in a developing fetus |
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