Ch. 9 Cognitive & Language Dev. in Early Childhood
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melikajones on June 18, 2012
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are symbolic representations? | mental representations of objects and people that can be manipulated in the mind |
| When do symbolic representations show according to Piaget's cognitive development? | Preoperational stage - 2-7 years old |
| Why does Piaget consider young children preoperational thinkers? | bc they are unable to apply operations - actions internalized as symbols that can be reversed and coordinated |
| What is an example of not understanding operations? | recognizing that a broken cookies has the same amount of cookie it would if it wasn't broken |
| What is dual representation? | ability to mentally represent both facets of a thing - the thing as a real object and the thing as it stands for something else |
| What is a conservation task? | tasks used to assess children's use of operations, in which children must decide whether a transformed object is the same as or different from what it was before |
| What is an example of a conservation task? | 2 balls of clay are the same size one ball of clay is shaped into a long thin snake the child says the long thin snake has more clay, but actually they have the same amount of clay. child cannot see they are the same |
| What is identity concept? | recognizing essential sameness of an object despite physical changes to it |
| What do young children lack in the preoperational stage? | logical operations |
| What is irreversibility? | the inability to understand that an operation can be undone, returning something to its original form |
| What is centration? | tendency to focus attention on the most obvious and striking characteristic of an object, while ignoring others |
| Thinking guided by appearances, what things look like, rather than logic. | Conservation |
| What are the limitations in the preoperational stage? | 1) lacking identity concept 2) irreversibility 3) centration 4) static thinking |
| What is static thinking? | concentrating on the outcome, rather than the changes that produced the outcome |
| What is transductive reasoning? | inference that if two particular examples or events occur together, they must be causally related |
| What is a young child's limitation understanding concepts? | can categorize at a global level, such as food, animals, people, but cannot categorize within the category, such as different types of dogs |
| What limitation do young children have with categorization? | they fail to understand that one person or object may belong to multiple categories simultaneously. i.e. a mother can also be a daughter class inclusion- part-whole relations |
| What is an example of class inclusion? | When asked if there are more brown dogs (subclass) or more dogs (whole class), child answers incorrectly |
| What is egocentrism? | assumption that their own perspective is shared by other people |
| What is an example of egocentrism? | when a young child is on the phone, they assume the person can see what they see |
| What is animism? | attributing life-like qualities to objects that are not alive |
| According to Piaget, the egocentric thinking of children in the preoperational stage inhibits their ability to distinguish between | things that are alive and those that are not |
| What did the research indicate criticizing Piaget? | Piaget's tasks were to demanding and confusing for preschool children. When tasks were simplified, children were able to complete tasks accurately Piaget underestimated young children's capabilities to solve problems using logical principles |
| What did Vygotsky believe private speech helped? | helps guide thinking |
| Young children remember _____ than older children and adults | less |
| What 3 reasons are young children's capacities to remember more limited than adults? | 1) tendency to be easily distracted 2) failure to use memory strategies 3) Lack of awareness (no use of metacognition) |
| What are scripts? | routines in everyday interactions and events |
| By what age are scripts developed? | 3 |
| How do children become experts? | organizing info differently |
| An understanding of inner mental events People think, imagine, pretend and wonder about the world around them | theory of mind |
| What does developing theory of mind represent? | children learn to separate the external world from the inner workings of the mind |
| T/F Children at age 3, can distinguish between deceptive objects from reality. i.e. A sponge which looks like a rock. | False they are confused |
| How do children learn the specific cognitive skills and values associated with their own culture? | Through: 1)experience 2) exposure 3) practice 4) regulation 5) encouragement 6) assignment of responsibility |
| What is social communicative competence? | ability to effectively convey a message to others |
| Researchers estimate children learn about __ words a day before first grade | 5 |
| Children's early vocabularies have more ____ than ____ | nouns than verbs |
| How do children learn verbs? | syntactic bootstrapping |
| What is syntactic bootstrapping? | using the context of the sentence to provide cues for the meaning of a verb |
| What are the 2 types of language styles children in middle class US use? | referential language style expressive language style |
| What is referential language style? | developing a vocabulary that includes many object names and use these labels to name things in the environment |
| What is expressive language style? | use words to regulate social interactions with adults and have fewer object names in their vocabulary |
| What style is used when children experience vocabulary explosion at the end of second year? | referential language style |
| Three year olds may ask questions using what and where, but do not form questions using ___ or ___ | why or how |
| What is semantic bootstrapping? | children use what they know about the meaning of words to help them decipher syntactic structure of language |
| What is overregularization? | incorrect use of "ed" on all verbs and incorrect use of plural "s" on nouns occurs at 3-4 years of age |
| When do children use connectives to join simple sentences? | around 4 years of age |
| What is an instrument used to measure the aspects of a stimulating environment? | HOME Scale Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment |
| What do high HOME scale scores indicate? | higher test scores on language development and cognitive development |
| A good preschool mimics older children's elementary education classes | False A good preschool is geared specifically for the active young child. |
| What are indicators of a high quality preschool? | 1) licensing/accreditation 2) Setting- safe 3) Teacher/Child ratio 4) Teacher Qualifications 5) Parent involvement |
| Many experts in child development oppose emphasis on early academic training, why? | 1) children learn best when they are actively involved in learning 2) Children who are pushed at a young age may lose interest |
| When did Project Head Start begin? | 1965 War on Poverty to serve economically disadvantaged |
| What is the goal of Sesame Street? | to promote the intellectual growth of preschoolers, particularly disadvantaged preschoolers |
| T/F The influence of Sesame Street is stronger on 3 year olds than 5 year olds | True |
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