| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Neoclassical Economic Theory | Immigrants are pulled out of county by higher wages and pushed out by low job opportunities. Occurs on an individual level. Is more permanent. Usually male sojourners. |
| New Economic Theories of Migration | Families as a whole (households, communities) are what determine migration. Remittances: one family members sends $ to other fam. member so they can immigrate. More temporary, caused by market failure. |
| Labor Segmented Theory | Occupational Ladder: ability to move up in job market. Temporary labor: doesn't permit upward mobility, perm. demand. temp. labor in developed nations (secondary market, seasonal jobs, no ladders for upward mobility). Problem: ghettoization of labor force, jobs "fit" for immigrants. Creates cultural divide between imm. and native residents. |
| World Systems Theory | Core countries (Capitalist) exploit peripheral countries (3rd world, poor) for resources. Involves colonialism and imperialism. Structural approach: examines largest econ. structure and its relationships btwn. nations. E.g. East Indian Company. Evolution of economy generated connections btwn. core and perip. countries: exchange of labor, goods, services, etc. |
| Cumulative Causation Network Theory | - Doug Massey -Migration streams reproduce themselves via networks (domino effect). Social capital: social connections, networks propel up. mobility. Human capital: concrete skills, education enables ppl. to reap benefits. Imm. w/ family already in US more likely to imm. to US due to cushioned circumstances. |
| Political Economy Theories | Imm. Policies of sending and receiving countries impact immigration. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882. Chinese couldn't gain US citizenship, made them permanent aliens. 1848 Chinese form Chinatowns, discriminated against US gov. Large #s immigrated due to Pac. Rim Railroad and Gold rush. Related to Neoclassical theory (individual sojourners immigrated to US). Reasons: ethnocentrism, fear (economic competition). Results: shortage of labor due to lack of Chinese labor lead to Era of Enganche (1900-1929). |
| Era of Unauthorized Migration, Hart-Cellar Act (1965) | Aka 1965 Immigration Act. Each country allotted 20,000 visas/ year in E. Hemisphere. NO Quotas placed on countries in W. Hemisphere. Family Reunification: immigration could sponsor imm. to imm. to US. Huge impact in Asian immigration, changed ehtnic make-up of US drastically, shift imm. flow from Europe to Asia, mitigated imm. inflow from LA. Promoted illegal immigration and permanent resettlement instead of circular migration. Eliminated national origin quotas. Built in demand for low wage workers, applies to Labor Market Segmentation Theory, racialized low waged workers (ghettoization). Labor Segmented Market program. Immigration for labor became socially acceptable. Bracero Prog. -> Mexicans: learned English, increased their education, increased social capital. Migration became safer. 1965-1989: 28 Mil. unauthorized immigrants entered US, doesn't account for outflow of 14 million imm. Circular migration outset immigration. Border Patrol during this time period was symbolic rather than truly effective, "Revolving Door" of labor, Catch and Release method of detaining immigrants. |
| Top 10 Imm. sending nations to US 1968-2000 | 1. Mexico (20%) 2. Philippines (6.5%) 3. China (6.2%) 4. Vietnam (4.55%) 5. India (3.8%) 6. Korea (3.6%) 7. Dom. Rep. (3.5%) 8. Cuba (3.4%) 9. USSR (2.9%) 10. Jamaica (2.63%) |
| Why is the Mexican Case Unique? | Two countries w/ wide disparities of living. Age. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended US Mex. War. -Late 1800s circular migration, no "border" exists. |
| Key pieces in US/ Mex. imm. history | -Era of the Enganche (1900-1929). The Era of Deportations: 1929 - 1941. The Bracero Era: 1942-1964. Operation Wetback: 1954. The Era of Undocumented Migration: 1965-1985. The Great Divide: 1986-2000. |
| Dissonant Acculturation | Communication across generations become more difficult as students drop mother tongue language without sufficiently picking up English |
| Who are Today's Immigrants and where do they come from? | Asia, Caribbean, Latin America. |
| Era of Great Deportations | 1929-1945. Coincided with Great Depression and WWI. Immigrants viewed as scapegoats for economic downfall. 41% Mexican imm. deported even if they were American born. |
| Bracero Program | 1942-1964: Guest worker labor program for Mexican immigrants due to severe labor shortage after WWII. Labor |
| Era of Enganche | 1900-1929: Enganchadores persuaded Mexicans to immigrate to US due to US shortage of labor from C. Exclusion Act. |
| Operation Wetback | 1954: 1,000,000 Unauthorized immigrants deported, doubled bracero visas to reduce unauthorized immigrants in US |
| The Great Divide | 1986-2000. IRCA: Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). New era of US/ Mex. migration. Authorized 50% increase in BP budget -> militarization of border. Instituted Amnesty for unauthorized migrants. Imposed sanctions on employers who knowingly accepted unauth. immigrants. Huge black market began for documents. |
| Operation Blockade | El Paso, 1993, Imm. flows drastically reduced, made imm. riskier and more expensive, -> circular migration was a wiser, more common option. |
| Operation Gatekeeper | 1992, Militarization of border, Tijuana, created a smoke and mirrors effect bc immigration "appeared to be" under control. Prevention through deterrence = result of Gatekeeper. Diverted migrants into less visible locations, border militarization not truly effective. Costs: dying while crossing border increased by three-fold. Btwn. 1998-2004: 2000 known deaths of imm. crossing US border. |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement. 1992. Goal: eliminate trade barriers btwn. US/Canada/Mexico. Effectively eliminated tariffs. Promoted Free Trade versus Fair Trade. Led to huge economic consequences for migration, Mexican immigration rapidly increased. Promoted unauthorized migration due to inability of Mexican sustenance farmers to live off of the land (tariffs = large source of income). |
| Crossing Arizona | Movie. |
| Assimilation | Multidimensional process by which immigrants incorporate into US. Occurs gradually and in steps. Dialectical process (how receiving country views imm. affects assimilation.). Carries undertone of ethnocentrism because it assumes imm. have to incorporate into WASP culture which serve as benchmark for assimilation. Step 1 : Economic incorporation (annual household incomes, compare/ contrast yearly income rates with natives) Step 2: Political/ civic incorp. (citizenship, political involvement) Step 3: sociocultural incorporation. |
| Classical Theories of Assimilation | 1945 Warner and Strole, Book: The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups. Based on Euro. imm. of 1920's - 1930's. Melting Pot Theory. Assumption: everyone will become the same as the pot. Negative: ethnicities do not disappear, everyone is not the same |
| Straight Line Assimilation | Milton Gordon, 1964. Book: Assimilation in American Life. Proposed Straight Line Assimilation. Steps: 1. Acculturation. 2: Structural Assimilation. 3: End pt. = Intermarriage. Problems: MG viewed assimilation as a one way process (Core culture was unchanged by imm. group, imm. group adopts core culture). SLA assumes all imm. start off at very bottom and work their way up. Model doesn't work w/ all African Americans (economic exclusion), less likely to intermarry than today's other imm. groups. Black Exceptionalism. |
| Ethnic Pluralism | Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan. 1970. Book: Beyond the Melting Pot. Rejection of SLA bc it beleives in ethnic pluralism (maintains ethnic identity) and bc SLA does not take into account ethnic disadvantage |
| Symbolic Ethnicity | Herbert Ganz. 1979: Book: Symbolic Ethnicity. White ethnicity is costless, optional, and does not affect upward mobility. |
| Segmented Assimilation | Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou. 1993. Multiple paths of incorporation. Today's new imm. may face blocked opp. because they face new barriers unfaced by white imm. 3 paths to Assimilation: -straight line Assimilation (White), Downward Direction, Selective Acculturation. Problem: 1: Overestimates Mexican and West Indian downward assimilation 2: ignores class and culture heterogenity/ differences between groups. Cuban: SLA, Haitian: Downward A. Punjabi Sikhs: Selective A |
| Selective Acculturation | Some imm. maintain strong connection to ethnic imm. community (rich in resources) that help increase upward mobility. Buffers from downward mobility, promotes edu. achievement. Ex. Punjabi Sikhs, adopt some American characteristics but maintain core aspects of ethnic identity. Promotes: upward mobility, edu. in Indian community. |
| Minority Culture of Mobility | Neckerman, Carter, Lee. 1999. Book: Minority culture of Mobility. Main thought: imm. might retain ethnicity but that is not an indication of downward A. Ethnic culture of mobility = joining ethnic social spaces to buffer. |
| Linguistic Incorporation Studies | 1923: Carl Bingham. 1930: Madorah Smith. 1962: Peal and Lambert. 1990's: Zhou and Bankston |
| Huntington's Thesis/ main points of "Hispanic Challenge" | WASP culture of America (individualism, meritocricy) has come under attack due to massive influx of Mex./ LA imm. Mexicans won't incorporate into today's culture due to their fundamentally different culture which sharply contrasts with WASP ideals. Mexicans don't want to assimilate (specifically language assim.). US is poised to become nation w/ two cultures: Anglo and Latino, and two languages, English and Spanish. Threat of Latino immigration could lead to Spanish replacing the English language all together. No Anglo Americano Dream, Americans will share in the American Dream only if they dream in English. |
| Flaws of Huntington's Argument | Arguments aren't put into historical context. Empirical data shows LA and Asian immigrants incorporate accordingly. Preferrred language of 2nd gen Latino imm = Emglish. 4th gen of LA imm: rates of Spanish speaking ability = that of whites. Spanish does not pose a threat to English language in US. |
| Study that illustrates flaws of Huntington's argument | Massey, Bean, Romban: Study Mex. origin pop. in LA. Study found that speaking SPanish among imm. gen. does not persist among immigrants. In the United States' largest ethnic enclave, Spanish language usage approached death at 3rd generation. DATA: 1st Gen Mex. imm.: 100% Spanish. 2nd Gen Mex imm.: 35% speak Spanish. 3rd Gen Mex imm.: 17% speak Spanish. 4th Gen Mex imm.: 5% speak Spanish. US = graveyard of language due to its ability to eliminate mother tongues. |
| Ethnic Enclave | A group of imm. of same ethnicity working/living in same area, relies on co-ethnic consumers and group members are consumers and employers |
| Ethnic Niche | When a certain ethnic group takes dominance in a specific industry. A place owned/managed by whites where concentrations of minorities work. |
| Entrepreneurial Niche | Members of group pre-dominate as owners in among self-employed. They do not rely on co-ethnic workers. |
| West Indian ethnic identity choice 1st gen | West Indian. Desire: make it clear that they are not African Americans because A. Americans are viewed negatively by WASP society. |
| West Indian ethnic identity choice 2nd gen: | Black American: 42%, West Indian: 31%, Immigrant: 27%. Data illustrates: power of race in US society. |
| Immigrant Shadow | Past of imm. influences society's perceptions of immigrants. Stereotypes of imm. -> hasty generalizations of immigrants. |
| Reactive Ethnicity | Occurs when an ethnic identity develops in the face of perceived threats or social exclusion. Examples: Prop 187, tried to limit unauthorized migrants rights, affluent Mex. Americans felt heightened sense of ethnic identity. 9/11, Muslim Americans felt heightened sense of ethnic identity. |
| Patterns of Racial/ Ethnic Identification | 1. National Origin. 2. Hyphenated. 3. American. 4. Pan-ethnic. 1st and 2nd gen. Latino children: some use hyphenated identity, others just American, others w/ pan-ethnic minority group identity. Groups that experienced intense discrimination in US were much less likely to identify as American or w/ pan-ethnic groups. Different context -> diff. identities. Pan-ethnic or singular identifaction: more common w/ children that attend private/ parochial schools. |
| Outline of Main Assimilation Theories | 1945: Warner and Srole, Melting Pot/ Classical Assimilation Theory. 1964: Milton Gordon, SLA. 1970: Glazaer and Moyniham, Ethnic Pluralism. 1979, Herbert Ganz, Symbolic Ethnicity. 1993: Alejandro Portes and Ming Zhou, Segmented Assimilation. 1999: Neckerman, Carter, Lee, Minority Culture of Mobility |
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