ch 20 animals
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JaySaldana0416 on June 18, 2012
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chapter 20 animals pearson biology campbell
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92 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Compact, complex animals have internal exchange surfaces that are extensively branched or folded, providing a large | surface area |
| In the digestive system nutrients are | absorbed across the many fingerlike projections of the lining of the intestine |
| in the respiratory system | oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the epithelial linings of sacs at the tips of tiny air tubes |
| in the urinary system | wastes are removed from the blood across the epithelial linings of excretory tubes. |
| The circulatory system | transports materials between the exchange surfaces of the other organ systems and body cells |
| Body cells are bathed in interstitial fluid, and exchange | body cells and the blood takes place through this fluid |
| Tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function |
| organs | groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism. |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| compact, complex animals have specialized internal | exchange surfaces that provide a large surface area |
| The protective covering of the body is called the | integumentary system |
| Homeostatis | is the regulation of internal conditions w/i a range that supports life's processes |
| Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on | negative feedback in which a change in variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change |
| Which of the following is an organizational level that encompasses many organ systems working together? | organisms |
| What are the four major categories of tissues? | nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle |
| Epithelial tissue is involved in _____. | interior lining of blood vessels |
| Muscle cells contract. This is possible because of _____. | contractile proteins |
| Voluntary body movements involve _____. | skeletal muscle |
| Which of the following is the primary function of the nervous tissue? | rapid communication of signals |
| Homeostasis is the _____. | maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
| What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? | stratified epithelium |
| What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? | simple columnar epithelium |
| Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? | simple squamous epithelium |
| What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal cells |
| The type of epithelium that lines the inside of your cheeks (within your mouth) is _____. | stratified squamous epithelium |
| How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? | Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. |
| Which of these describes loose connective tissue? | It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. |
| Cartilage is found _____. | at the ends of bones such as the femur |
| blood | _____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. |
| What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? | smooth muscle |
| Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. | branched |
| skeletal | _____ muscle is attached to bones. |
| Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by _____, which are made of _____. | tendons ... fibrous connective tissue |
| A neuron consists of _____. | dendrites, a cell body, and axons |
| Nervous tissue functions _____. | to sense stimuli |
| Which of the following tissues is responsible for food absorption in the small intestines? | columnar epithelium |
| Severe burn victims often receive artificial skin grafts. Why? | Skin normally provides a protective barrier between the body and infectious microorganisms in the environment. |
| Which organ system regulates the water balance of the blood? | excretory system |
| A physician wishes to assess the metabolic activity of a patient's brain. Which imaging technique should she choose? | PET scan |
| In addition to the integrity of the integumentary system, what other component of the skin protects against bacterial infection? | oil gland |
| The goal of homeostasis is the _____. | maintenance of internal conditions within a limited range |
| If blood sugar is under homeostatic control using negative feedback, what will happen if blood sugar levels drop between meals? | Blood sugar will begin to rise until it reaches an appropriate value. |
| Which of the following is a correct match of cell type with structure | muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth |
| cells | __________ are the fundamental units of life. |
| Which of the following options lists the structural elements of organisms in the correct order, from smallest to largest? | cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms |
| The heart is an example of a(n) ___________ | organ |
| The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to reach all areas of the body. Together, the heart and blood vessels form a(n) __________. | organ system |
| What aspect of a bird's wings would be most interesting to a physiologist? | role of feather barbs in flight |
| In terms of hierarchy of organization, organs fall between _____ and _____. | tissues ... organ systems |
| Anatomy | the study of the physical structural features of the organism |
| Physiology | the study of the functions of body parts |
| A tissue | is a group of similar cells which have a particular structure and work together to carry out a specific job. |
| Epithelial tissue: | covers the body surface and lines internal organs and cavities |
| Connective tissue: | binds different tissues and provides support through an extracellular matrix |
| Muscle tissue : | contracts for movement |
| Nervous tissue: | communicates among body parts |
| Simple squamous epithelium | is only one cell layer thick, permitting gases to diffuse between the blood and the lungs. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | is also one cell layer thick, forming tiny tubules that allow the blood to be easily filtered in the kidneys. |
| Simple columnar epithelium | has a single layer of elongated cells that are specialized for absorption of nutrients in the intestine. |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | has several layers of cells. It is located wherever the body needs protection from abrasion, like inside your esophagus or the surface of your skin. |
| Pseudostratified squamous epithelium | secretes mucus to trap pathogens and debris before they can enter your lungs, and has cilia to sweep them upward and out of your respiratory tract. |
| a matrix | consisting of a web of fibers embedded in either a liquid, jelly, or solid, depending on the type of connective tissue. |
| Loose connective tissue, | the most common type in the human body, binds skin to underlying muscles and holds internal organs and tissues in place. has both tough collagen fibers and stretchy elastic fibers |
| Fibrous connective tissue | is made of long tough parallel fibers that resist stretching—useful for tendons and ligaments! |
| Adipose tissue | is specialized to store fat. It cushions internal organs, provides insulation, and acts as the body's energy reserve |
| Cartilage | is smooth and slippery. It covers the ends of bones, allowing them to slide past each other when you move your joints. |
| Bone tissue | provides strength and support. It also acts as a calcium and phosphorus "bank," storing these minerals until the body "withdraws" them as needed. |
| Blood | is a liquid connective tissue that transports substances like oxygen and nutrients to the cells that need them, and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes. |
| Skeletal muscle | is attached to bones. It is made of long parallel cylindrical cells. It is voluntary—that is, you can choose to contract it or not. |
| Cardiac muscle | is made of branched, interconnected cells that can communicate with each other. It is involuntary—you can't consciously control its contraction. |
| Smooth muscle | is made of spindle-shaped cells that also communicate with each other. It also contracts involuntarily, to move substances through the body—like in the intestine. |
| nervous tissue | tissue that receives messages from the body's external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response |
| damaged tissue | When a tissue is injured, the body replaces the damaged tissue by mitosis (except in types like cartilage and cardiac muscle, which do not regenerate). |
| Organ | Several tissues working together to carry out specific functions |
| Organ Systems | Several organs can be integrated to work together as an organ system. |
| Circulatory System | Transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells for excretion |
| Respiratory System | Exchanges gases with the environment. Supplies blood with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide. |
| Integumentary System | Protects against mechanical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, and drying out. |
| Skeletal System | Supports the body. Protects certain internal organs, such as the brain and lungs. Provides the framework for muscles to produce movement. |
| Muscular System | Skeletal muscles produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat. |
| Urinary System | Removes nitrogen-containing waste products from the blood. Regulates the chemical makeup and water balance of the blood. |
| Digestive System | Ingests and breaks down food into smaller chemical units to be used as fuel for cellular respiration. Eliminates undigested material. |
| Endocrine System | Secretes hormones that regulate body activities such as digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, heart rate, and water balance. |
| Lymphatic and Immune Systems | Returns excess body fluid to the circulatory system. Defends the body against infections and cancer. |
| Nervous System | Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing the body's responses. |
| Reproductive Systems | Produce gametes and sex hormones. Female system includes organs to support a developing embryo and glands for producing milk. |
| CT (computed tomography) | Useful as a diagnostic tool- for example, for detecting brain hemorrhage, tumors, heart defects, or blocked blood vessels. |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | Useful for observing soft tissue, especially if surrounded by bone. |
| MRM (magnetic resonance microscopy) | Useful in studying the development of embryonic organ systems. |
| PET (positron-emission tomography) | PET scans can be used to study diseases affecting the brain such as stroke, Alzheimer's, and epilepsy. |
| Homeostasis | Despite large fluctuations in external environment (for example, temperature extremes), homeostatic mechanisms regulate an animal's internal environment, resulting in much smaller fluctuations. |
| Negative Feedback | Most of the control mechanism of homeostasis are based on negative feedback, in which a change in a variable, such as temperature, triggers mechanisms that reverse the change. |
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