Crim Test 3
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Personality Traits | Cause of violence; neurological impairment, low intelligence, psychotic symptoms |
| Ineffective Families | Cause of violence; absent parents, inconsistent discipline, lack of supervision, abuse |
| Evolutionary Factors | Cause of violence; humans have instinctual violence-promoting traits |
| Exposure to Violence | Cause of violence; constant exposure to violence leads to adopting violent methods |
| Substance Abuse | Cause of violence; substance abusers have higher rates of violence; neighborhoods with high levels of substance abuse have high rates of violence (individual and social levels) |
| Cultural Values | Cause of violence; violent areas seem to be clustered together; subculture of violence |
| Homicide | willful killing of one human being by another; not always crime |
| Murder | unlawful/intentional killing of a human being by another without legal justification |
| 1st Degree | unlawful killing with malice aforethought and premeditation |
| 2nd Degree | unlawful killing with malice aforethought but no premeditation (crimes of passion) |
| Manslaughter | occurs without malice aforethought or premeditation |
| Voluntary (Non- negligent) Manslaughter | unjustified killing arises out of intense conflict that provoked violence |
| Involuntary (Negligent) Manslaughter | unjustified killing when person acts without regard for harm of others |
| Subcultural Violence | pattern of homicide; violent subcultures demand members make violent responses to certain social situations |
| Patterns of Homicide | Subcultural Violence, Situational Violence, Serial Killers, Mass Muder |
| Primary (Expressive) Homicide | situational homicide; most common, occur between family/friends/acquaintances; usually spring from interpersonal conflict |
| Non Primary (Instrumental) Homicide | situational; occur during another crime/ pursuit of some goal; usually no prior relationshipt |
| Serial Killers | 3 or more people in 3 or more separate events |
| Visionary/Missionary S.K. | kill based on hearing voices or having visons |
| Comfort/Profit S.K. | kill for financial or material gain |
| Thrill Motivated (Hedonistic) S.K. | kill for excitement or pleasure by inflicting pain on victims |
| Thrill Motivated (Power) S.K. | Exercise authority and dominate victim |
| Mass Murder | killing four or more in single event; easily apprehended |
| Revenge Mass Murder | get even with individuals or society |
| Love Mass Murder | "save" love onces from threat or danger |
| Profit Mass Murder | seek money or material benefit or gain |
| Terror Mass Murder | create fear/panic ; also send a message |
| Assault | attempted commission of bodily injury or frightening the victim by word or deed (plus battery is number one violent crime) |
| Battery | non-consensual physical contact |
| Aggravated Assault | attempt to commit serious bodily harm with inclusion of weapon/ deadly force |
| Simple Assault | attempt to commit less serious bodily harm, no weapon. |
| Strangler Assault | instrumental assault, expressive assault |
| Instrumental Assault | occurs for achievement, involves planning |
| Expressive Assault | spontaneous act of violence |
| Acquaintance Assault | Domestic violence, child abuse |
| Domestic Violence | pattern of abusive behavior in relationship by one partner to gain power; cycle of violence (tension-acting out-honeymoon) |
| Child Abuse | physical/emotional trauma to a child for which there is no reasonable explanation (physical, NEGLECT, sexual, emotional) |
| Sexual Assault | use of violence, threat or intimidation to commit sexual act |
| Forcible rape | carnal knowledge of a person by force and against persons will |
| Date Rape | rape that involves people who are in some form of courting relationship |
| Spousal Rape | forced sex in marital relationship |
| Marriage Exemption | formerly accepted tradition that legally married husband could not be charged with raping his wife |
| Gang Rape | Rape by more than one assailant; often prior relationship |
| Statutory Rape | underage minor and adult; not forced (minors incapable of giving consent) |
| Power Assertive Rapist | plans the crime and seduces the victim; dominates/overpowers victim |
| Power Reassurance Rapist | acts out of sexual inadequacy |
| Anger Retaliatory Rapist | Attacks victim by surprise using physical force, expression of anger/hostility |
| Anger Excitement Rapist | Plans attack, usually on strangers. Motive to inflict pain and humiliate and degrade victim |
| Robbery | taking of something by force or threat of force |
| Armed (Institutional) Robbery | robbery that occurs in commercial setting |
| Personal Robbery | robbery that occurs in residential settings or on street (home invasions least prevalent type of robbery) |
| Hate Crimes | most in california, most prominent is thrill seeking |
| Workplace Violence | Healthcare and social service workers highest rate of workplace injury |
| Stalking | usually stops within a year or two; direct at specific party, repeated proximity, nonconsensual communication |
| Terrorism | premeditated, politically motivated,designed to spread fear |
| Grand Larceny | theft of substantial value, felony |
| Petty Larceny | theft of small value, misdemeanor |
| Shoplifting | snitches - law abiding citizens that steal; boosters - professional thieves who resell |
| Credit Card Fraud | either by stealing card or accessing card number during a legal transactions |
| Check Fraud | amateur criminals responding to immediate cash flow crisis; systematic forgers - professionals. |
| Embezzlement | someone who is trusted with property fraudulently converts it to their own |
| Confidence Games | get rich quick schemes devised to trick victims out of their money; Phishing (identity theft via telephone or email) |
| 3rd Party Fraud | victim is third party such as insurance company that is forced to pay false claims |
| Fencing | Buying and selling of stolen goods; (receiving and knowing it was stolen is also crime) |
| Burglary | unlawful entry into a structure for the purpose of committing theft or felony |
| Trespassing | unlawful entry that does not have criminal intent |
| Residential Burglars | experienced burglars learn to avoid areas where residents are more likely renters and not home owners |
| Commercial Burglars | retail stores are the most attractive to burglarize |
| Repeat Burglars | usually strike same victim or business more than once because of knowledge of victim or business or ease of entry |
| Low Level Burglars | younger, commit spontaneously, opportunistic manner |
| Middle Range Burglars | use more planning, lack connections to pull off large scale crimes |
| High Level Burglars | professional thieves, way of life, income from burglary |
| Routine Activities | 1. Motivated Offender 2. Suitable Target 3. Lack of capable guardians |
| Joyriding | desire for thrills or fun by temporarily stealing a car, impulsive, spontaneous |
| Moral Entrepreneurs | Powerful individuals who persuade society that their definition of a social problem and its resolution is best for society |
| Problem Behavior Syndrome | substance abuse is just one of many problem behaviors, related to overall deviant lifestyle |
| Interdiction Strategies | intercept drug supplies as they enter US |
| Precipitating Factors for Prostitution | experiences that place vulnerable individuals at rick of turning into prostitutes (running away, kicked out) |
| Predisposing Factors for Prostitution | economic hardships, low education, drug abuse, homelessness |
| Pillferage | embezzlement; systematic theft of small amounts of company property over long period of time |
| Chiseling | Regular cheating of a company and/or consumers, (doc. recommending unneeeded procedures) |
| Churning | stock brokers who repeatedly buy/sell stocks owned by investors to obtain commission on each trade |
| Front Running | brokerage companies that buy large quantities of stock at low costs before selling to investors at higher prices |
| Racketeering | organized operation of an illegal business by a structured group for purposes of making a profit |
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