| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Interference Theory 82 | Forgetting caused by information getting mixed up by other information |
| Eidetic Imagery (Memory) | True "photographic" memory; phenomenon where a person can recite a poem they read only ones or re-create an image in minute detail |
| Proactive Interference (PI) 1 | Old material in LTM interferes with remembering new information; example you always part of the same spot, but today you relate so you parked elsewhere. When going home you appear normal spot before you remember the different spot. Episodic memory type of explicit memory; personal memories of events that run like an episode of TV or movie, can include: declarative-memories you can put into words, flashbulb memories-memories were you remember all the details like a picture |
| Schema | Schemata; variation of elaborative rehearsal; a framework or mental representation of an event, object, situation, person, process, or relationship stored in memory that leads one to expect something; like a stereotype but not, a framework; example a person wearing scrubs in a stethoscope is a ___? schema causes the answer to be a Dr |
| Elaborative Rehearsal 83 | Linking new information with old information; giving meaning to information from STM to transfer it to LTM |
| Memory 2 | The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagine, or learned; first explored by Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| Right, Left 3 | Spatial working memory tasks typically rely on the ____________ brain hemisphere and verbal working memory tasks typically rely on the ____________ brain hemisphere |
| Selective Attention 84 | The shadowing task is most often used to study __________ ______________ |
| Extinction | The tendency for a hemineglect patient to ignore the contralateral field when a competing stimulus is presented in the ipsilateral field is called |
| False 4 | T or F. Brown and Peterson/Peterson each interpreted their initial data as evidence of interference as the loss mechanism in STM |
| Mnemonics 5 | Memory technique used to increase memory skills |
| Rote Rehearsal | Maintenance rehearsal; method is to expand the length of time information can be held in STM; repeating information over and over (silently or allowed); can be effective for short time and is often effective through automaticity, which is long, hard practice [alpha that it, multiplication tables, music scales] |
| Tip-Of-The-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT) | In knowing a word, but not able to recall the word; occurs more often with stress or age |
| LTM 6 | Portion of memory that is more or less permanent; everything we know; capacity-Unlimited in time or amount; encoded-needs meaning or framework to transfer from STM to LTM; three types: episodic, semantic, procedural |
| Sensory Receptors 87 | Entry points for raw data that has potential to become a memory; length of stay is only a couple of seconds; unlimited capacity; experiment-George Sterling (1960) shows that echoes (auditory) lasts longer than icons (visual) masking |
| Explicit Memory 7 | LT memories where a person is aware of what they now and can easily describe these memories; are intentionally retrieved; includes semantic in episodic memories |
| Combination of the Two | Is forgetting is more likely caused by interference or by a combination of the two (decay+interference) |
| Retroactive Interference (RI) 8 | New material interferes with remembering old information already in LTM; everyday occurrence; example learning list of word pairs. A second list uses one of the same words, you want to use the first pair, not the new second pair |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad 9 | First component of working memory. Holds and manipulates visual images and spatial info. Holds info in an analog spatial form while it's being used |
| Retrieval Cue 88 | A stimulus which assists the process of locating and retrieving info stored in memory |
| Information Processing (IP) 10 | Model to explain the way humans create memories; in code, store, and retrieve information like a computer |
| Atkinson-Schifrin Model 11 | Describes human memory as consisting of three distinguishable kinds of memory, each of which representing a stage through which information passes in a sequential way |
| Method of Loci 89 | A mnemonic device which uses a well-learned sequence of locations as a series of cues for the info to be remembered |
| Recall 12 | A measure of LTM which involves the recollection of info w/ few, if any, cues, aids, or hints available which may facilitate retrieval |
| Central Executive 13 | Integrates info from the verbal and visual storage systems, as well as info retrieved from LTM |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Typically caused by head injury; forgetting what happened shortly before the accident (theory-memories aren't anchored in to LTM) |
| Semantic Network Theory 14 | A theory that describes the organization of info into LTM in terms of overlapping networks/grids of concepts that are interconnected and interrelated by meaningful links |
| Explicit Memory 15 | LT memories where a person is aware of what they now and can easily describe these memories; are intentionally retrieved; includes semantic in episodic memories |
| Sensory Receptors 90 | Entry points for raw data that has potential to become a memory; length of stay is only a couple of seconds; unlimited capacity; experiment-George Sterling (1960) shows that echoes (auditory) lasts longer than icons (visual) masking |
| Cued Recall | Providing a cue to assist the retrieval of info |
| Attention 16 | The filtering process one uses for all the data in the sensory registers to determine what is transferred to STM; Cocktail Party Phenomenon-Broadbent-when in a noisy environment, a person pays attention to the conversation they are in, not to others; "On/Off"-Triesman-people turn down the other signals, but not off, so an important signal can leak through |
| Mnemonics 17 | Memory technique used to increase memory skills |
| Decay Theory 18 | Evidence from distracter studies; forgetting is caused by the passage of time; memories deteriorate |
| Chunking 19 | Method of organizing information into easy that meaningful units of information; example-if short-term memory is best for max of 10 items that you must remember 12 numbers group them (junk) into three meaningful groups: 1066 1945 1812 now you have three numbers remember not 12 |
| Declarative Memory (LT) 20 | Memory of specific facts and events which can be brought on consciously, it has two sub systems |
| Procedural Memory 86 | Memory that involves skill, example: riding a bike |
| Mnemonic Devices 21 | A technique for enhancing memory from LTM |
| Explicit Memory 22 | LT memories where a person is aware of what they now and can easily describe these memories; are intentionally retrieved; includes semantic in episodic memories |
| Implicit Memory 23 | LT memories where a person is not aware of having nor can they easily describe the memory; not intentionally retrieved; includes procedural and emotional memories |
| LTM 24 | Portion of memory that is more or less permanent; everything we know; capacity-Unlimited in time or amount; encoded-needs meaning or framework to transfer from STM to LTM; three types: episodic, semantic, procedural |
| Semantic Memory 25 | Type of explicit memory; memory that includes facts and concepts: like Encyclopedia; school knowledge |
| Interference Theory 26 | Forgetting caused by information getting mixed up by other information |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Typically caused by head injury; forgetting what happened shortly before the accident (theory-memories aren't anchored in to LTM) |
| Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Sensory, STM, LTM | Name the steps/mechanisms for making a memory |
| Encoding 91 | Step 1 for memory making |
| Storage 87 | Step 2 for memory making |
| Retrieval 28 | Step 3 for memory making |
| Sensory 27 | Step 4 for memory making |
| STM 29 | Step 5 for memory making |
| LTM 30 | Step 6 for memory making |
| Implicit Memory 31 | Characterized by a lack of conscious awareness in the act of recollection |
| STM 32 | The memory system that codes info according to sound and holds about 7 (from 5-9) items for less than 30 seconds w/o rehearsal; also called working memory |
| Sensory Memory 33 | The memory system that holds info from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds |
| Episodic, Semantic | Remembering the first time you ever saw a kitten would be a(n) ___________ memory; remembering that a kitten is an animal would be a(n) __________ memory |
| Recall 34 | A memory task in which a person must produce required info by searching memory |
| Retroactive Interference (RI) 35 | Learn A-B; Learn A-C; Test A-B |
| Left, Right 36 | Hemineglect often produces disruptions in processing info in the ________ visual field, and is typically caused by _________ hemisphere brain damage |
| Attention 37 | The filtering process one uses for all the data in the sensory registers to determine what is transferred to STM; Cocktail Party Phenomenon-Broadbent-when in a noisy environment, a person pays attention to the conversation they are in, not to others; "On/Off"-Triesman-people turn down the other signals, but not off, so an important signal can leak through |
| Central Executive 38 | Which component of working memory handles reasoning and language comprehension? |
| STM 39 | Called primary memory by William James; stores information taken from sensory registers and works on that information; capacity is 1.5 to 2 seconds, 7-10 items; encoding is completed by maintenance (rote) personal, can be phonetic (verbal) or iconic (visual); can only work on one task at a time sufficiently grasped both tasks are completed inadequately |
| STM, Weakens | The recency effect is explained by appeal to _________, as inserting a distracter task between study and test _________ this effect |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Linking new information with old information; giving meaning to information from STM to transfer it to LTM |
| Rehearsal Buffer | A mental recycling system for holding information temporarily; Where short term memory is held and then disappears |
| Working Memory 40 | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| Articulatory/Phonological Loop 92 | The speech and sound related components responsible for rehearsal of verbal information and phonological processing |
| Acoustic-Articulatory Code 41 | A verbally based code (code refers to the way verbal info is stored in short-term memory) |
| Mnemonic Device 42 | A memory aid, such as an abbreviation, rhyme or mental image that helps to remember something |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad 43 | Processes & temporarily stores visual and spatial information, such as the location and natuer of objects in the environment |
| Serial Exhaustive Search | (Sternberg) The memory set is scanned one item at a time (serial), and the entire set is scanned on every trail, whether or not a match is found (exhaustive) |
| Process Model | Describes relationships among processes. Sternberg (1969) proposed a simple flowchart of the four separate mental processes that occurred during the timed portion of very trail |
| Recency Effect | The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence |
| Chunking 44 | Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units |
| Serial Position Curve | U-shape pattern indicating the tendency to recall more items from the beginning and end of a list than from the middle |
| Decay, Interference | Brown and Peterson thought the loss mechanism in STM was _________; whereas later researches argued it was ________________ |
| Proactive Interference (PI) 45 | Finding your car in the parking lot today might be difficult if you start walking to where you parked it yesterday. This exemplifies |
| Working Memory 46 | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retreived from long-term memory |
| Recoding 47 | Re-organizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory |
| Central Executive 48 | In Alan Baddely's model of working memory, the component that integrates information from the phonological loop and the visuospatial working memory, as well as material retrieved from long-term memory. This also plays a major role in planning and controlling behavior |
| Acoustic-Articulatory Code | A verbally based code (code refers to the way verbal info is stored in short-term memory) |
| Sternberg Task 49 | Participants first stored a short list of letters, called the memory set, in short-term memory. They then saw a single letter, the probe, and responded yes/no depending on whether the probe item was among the letters in the memory set |
| Proactive Interference (PI) 50 | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information |
| Rehearsal Buffer | A mental recycling system for holding information temporarily, Where short term memory is held and then disappear |
| Decay 51 | The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time. Idea which is widely discredited |
| Working Memory 52 | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory adn visual-spatial information, and of information retreived from long-term memory |
| Retroactive Interference (RI) 53 | Now information that interferes with remembering old information; backwards-acting interference |
| Proactive Interference (PI) 54 | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the retrieval of new information |
| Brown-Peterson Task 93 | A simple three-letter stimulus was presented to the subject, followed by a three-digit number. Subjects were instructed firt to attend to the stimulus, then to begin counting backward by threes from the number they were shown. This counting was a distracter task designed to prevent rehearsal and prove that forgetting caused by decay |
| Free Recall 55 | Subjects recall the list of items in any order they wish. we often find that people recall items based on their semantic content rather than the item's order in the list. Items at the beginning and end of the list are often recalled with more accuracy than items in the middle of the list |
| LTM 56 | Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system |
| Hippocampus 57 | Neural center that is located in limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
| STM 58 | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing |
| Working Memory 59 | Newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of income auditory and visual-spatial information |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
| Automatic Processing 60 | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency |
| Semantic Encoding | Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Encoding 61 | Processing of information into the memory system- for example, extracting meaning |
| Retrieval 62 | Process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Chunking 63 | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Recall 64 | Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier |
| Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Explicit Memory 65 | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| Rehearsal 66 | Conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Retroactive Interference (RI) 67 | Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Echoic Memory 68 | Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; sounds can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Spacing Effect | Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Priming | Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| Memory 69 | Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
| Encoding 70 | The process of converting info into a useable form or code that can be stored by the brain and represented in memory |
| Sternberg Task 71 | Memory Set: 6 1 4 9 8. Is the Probe digit, 7, a member of the memory set? |
| Storage, Storage & Processing | When measuring memory capacity, STM span tasks emphasize _________ and Engle's tasks emphasize __________ |
| True 72 | T or F. In Baddeley's model of working memory, the central executive plans future actions and initiates retrieval and decision processes |
| Maintenance Rehearsal 73 | The mental repetition of info over and over again to retain it in STM |
| Mnemonic Devices 74 | A technique for enhancing memory from LTM |
| Storage 75 | Retention of encoded information over time |
| Visual Encoding | Encoding of picture images |
| Sensory Memory 76 | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Implicit Memory 77 | Retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Repression | In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Recognition 78 | Measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned |
| Proactive Interference (PI) 79 | Calling your new girlfriend by the name of your old girlfriend |
| Serial Exhaustive/38 | According to Sternberg, memory is scanned in a _________ fashion, at the approximate rate of __________ MS per item |
| Iconic Memory 80 | Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention conscious effort |
| Acoustic Encoding 96 | Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| Relearning 81 | Memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Flashbulb Memory 94 | Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Serial Position Effect 95 | Free recall of items in a list is best for beginning and end & worst for items in the middle of the list |
Combine with other sets
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