Antiparasitics
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Created by:
saresay Plus on June 23, 2012
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Antiparasitics Mode Of Action | Inhibition of neuromuscular system Inhibition of neuronal system inhibition of energy metabolism Damaging membrane integrity Interfering with reproduction |
| Inhibition of neuromuscular system | Competitive NM blockers Depolarizing NM blockers Cholinesterase Inhibitors Activating G-protein coupled receptors |
| Activating G-Protein Coupled Receptors | (LAT-1/2) presynaptic receptors at the NM junction of the nematode increasing release of the inhibitory neuropeptides PF1/2 causing paralysis of the somatic muscles and pharyngeal pump resulting in death of the parasite |
| Competitive NM blocker Drugs | Piperazine |
| Depolarizing NM blocker drugs | levamisole, pyrantel, morantel |
| Cholinesterase Inhibitor Drugs | Organophosphates: Dichlorbos, Trichlorfon |
| Activating G-Protein Drugs | Emodepside |
| Inhibition of the Neuronal System | Binding to GABA and/or glutamate-gated chloride channels |
| GABA and Glutamate- gated Chloride Channels | ligand-gated chloride channels increasing chloride membrane conductance causing hyperpolarization resulting in flaccid paralysis of the somatic muscles and pharyngeal pump of nematodes and arthropods leading to death also inhibit egg production of parasite |
| Inhibition of the Neuronal System Drugs | Macrocyclic Lactones: Avermectins, Milbemycins |
| INhibition of Energy Metabolism Drugs | Benzimidazoles and Antitrematodals |
| Benzimidazoles MOA | bind tubulin of parasite microtubules disrupting cell division and causes parasite death by depleting glycogen reserves due to inhibiting fumarate reductase and blocking mitochondrial function |
| Damaging Membrane Integrity MOA | Release of Ca from parasite muscle cell stores --> Ionic changes cause parasite integument --> damage --> Removal of the parasite by the host immune system |
| Damaging Membrane Integrity MOA | Praziquantal and epsiprantel |
| Inhibition of Reproduction | inhibition of growth ovicidal and larvicidal |
| Inhibition of Growth Drugs | Antiprotozoals |
| Ovicidal and Larvicidal Drugs | Benzimidazoles |
| Antiparaciticides | Ectoparasiticides Endoparasiticides Endectocides |
| Endoparasiticides | Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics |
| Anthelmintics | Antitrematodals Anticestodals Antinematodals |
| Antiprotozoals | Anticoccidials, Giardiasis, Amebiasis, Balantidiasis, Trichomoniasis, Toxoplasmosis |
| Anticoccidials | Amprolium, Decoquinate, Ionophores, Sulfonamides, Nicarbazin, Arsanilic Acid, Tetracyclines |
| Ionophores | Monensin, Lasalocid, Salinomycin, Narasin |
| Sulfonamides | Sulfdimethoxine, Sulfaquuinoxaline, Sulfamethazine |
| Giardiasis | Metronidazole, Benzimidazoles, Quinacrine, Furazolidone |
| Benzimidazoles | Albendazole, Fenbendazole |
| Amebiasis | Metronidazole, Furazolidone |
| Balantidiasis | MetronIdazole, Tetracycline |
| Trichomoniasis | Metronidazole, Clioquinol, Carnidazole |
| Toxoplasmosis | Clindamycin, Sulfonamides, Sulfonamide- pyrimethamine, Sulfonamide-trimethoprim |
| Histomonas melagridis | Organic Arsenicals |
| Organic Arsenicals | Carbarsone, Roxarsone, Nitarsone |
| Babesiosis (horse) | Imidocarb |
| Anaplasmosis | Oxytetracycline |
| Sarcocystis neurona (horses) | Nitazoxanide, Ponazuril, Diclazuril, Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, Pyrimethamine, Vitamin E, Anti-inflammatory |
| Crytposporidiosis | Paromomycin, Azithromycin, Nitazoxanide |
| Anti-Trematodals | Clorsulon, Albendazole |
| Clorsulon | Liver fluke in cattle |
| Albendazole | Liver fluke, cestodes and nematodes in GI and lung in cattle |
| Anti-cestodals | Dichlorophene, Praziquantal, Epsiprantel, Fenbendazole |
| Dichlorophene | dogs and cats for Taenia Dipylidium |
| Praziquantal | dogs and cats: taenia, dipylidium, echinococcus Equines: tape worm (anopolcephala) |
| Epsiprantel | Taenia and Dipylidium: dogs and cats |
| Fenbendazole | Dogs: Taenia pisiformis, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms |
| Anti-nematodals | Endectocides, Broad-Spectrum, Narrow-Spectrum |
| Endectocides | Ivermectins, Milbemycins |
| Ivermectins | Ivermectin, Eprinomectin, Doramectin, Selamectin |
| Ivermectin Administration | Oral: horses, cats, dogs, swine, sheep Injection: cattle, swine Pour-on: cattle |
| Ivermectin in Horses | GI roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi), Bots (Gasterophilus) |
| Ivermectin in Cattle | GI roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus), Cattle grubs (Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum), suckling lice, Mites/ Scabies (Psoroptes ovis, Sarcoptes scabei bovis), pour on (haematobia irritans and biting lice |
| Ivermectin in Swine | GI round worms, Lung worms (Metastrongulus), Lice, Mange Mites (sarcoptes scabiei suis) |
| Ivermectin in Sheep | GI round worms including Haemonchus contortus, Lung worms (dictyocaulus filaria), Nasal bots (Oestrus ovis) |
| Ivermectin in Dogs and Cats | tissue stage of heart worm larvae |
| Eprinomecin | Pour-on, Approved in beef and dairy cattle and LACTATING, similar to ivermectin |
| Doramectin | IM or SC in cattle and acts like ivermectin |
| Selamectin | Dogs and Cats > 6 weeks Topically to skin every month Kills adult fleas and prevents flea eggs, prevents heartworm, ear mites, sarcoptic mange and ticks (dogs), treats intestinal hookworm (Ancylostoma tubeforme) and round worm (toxocara cati) (cats) |
| Milbemycins | Milbemycin oxime, Moxidectin |
| Milbemycin oxime | Dogs >8 weeks: prevention of heartworm, hookworm(ancylostoma caninum), roundworm (toxocara caninum), whipworm (trichuris vulpis) |
| Moxidectin | Cattle: pour-on for internal and external Horses: broad-spectrum antinematodal Dogs: orally for heartworm |
| Broad- Spectrum Anthelmintics | Benzimidazoles, Imidathiazoles and tetrahydropyrimdines, Organophosphates, Emodepside |
| Benzimidazoles | Albendazole (cattle), Fenbendazole (dogs, horses, swine, cattle(lactating)), Oxfendazole (horses, beef cattle), Oxibendazole (horses, dogs) |
| Albendazole | Cattle: GI roundworms, Lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus), Adult Liver Fluke, Tapeworm (Moniezia) can't use 45 days of pregnancy and dairy cattle breeding |
| Fenbendazole | Dogs, horses, swine, cattle (Lactating) Dogs: ascarids, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms Horses: broad-spectrum antinematodal Cattle: GI round worms and lungworms, tape worm (Moniezia) |
| Other Benzimidazoles | Broad-spectrum anthelmintics agains most GI roundworms, Oxfendazole also acts against adult Moniezia in cattle |
| Imidathiazoles | Febantel, Levamisole |
| Febantel | probenzimidazole, approved in horses, dogs, and cats, and is broad-spectrum antinematodal activity and wide safety-margin similar to benzimidazoles |
| Levamisole | Approved in cattle, sheep, and swine, against GI roundworms and lungworms, administered orally, subcutaneously and topically, Narrow Safety-Margin |
| Tetrahydropyrimidines | Purantel, Morantel |
| Pyrantel in Dogs and Cats | Large round worms (ascarids) and Hookworms |
| Pyrantel in Horses | Pinworms, Roundworms, Strongyles, and can in large doses for tapeworm |
| Pyrantel in Swine | large roundworms and nodular worms |
| Morantel | approved in cattle including (lactating) for GI and goats for GI nematodes |
| Organophosphates | Dichlorvos |
| Dichlorvos | swine: GI nematodes Dogs: roundworms, hookworms, whipworms Cats: roundworms, hookworms |
| Emodepside | Acyclic depsipeptide and can be combined with praziquantal for cats |
| Profender: Emodepside with Praziquantal | Emodepside: roundworms and hookworms Prazi: cestodes |
| Narrow-Spectrum Antinematodals | Piperazine, Tolulene, n-Butyl Chloride, Disophenol |
| Piperazine | Chickens and Turkeys: large Round worms Swine: nodular worms Horses: large roundworms, strongyles, and pinworms Dogs/Cats: large roundworms |
| Heart worm | Adulticidals, Microfilaricidal Therapy, and Prevention |
| Heartworm Adulticidals | Melaromine IM strict rest for 3-4 wks and ag will be negative in 3-4 months |
| Microfilaricidal Therapy | Ivermectin and MIlbemycin use 3-4 wks after adulticidal drugs may cause circulatory collapse |
| Prevention | Ivermectin, Milbemycin oxime, Moxidectin, Selamectin |
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