Blood and Tissue Parasitology
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Created by:
chubbyaznboy Plus on June 24, 2012
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17 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Protozoa that can cause blood and tissue infections | Trypanosoma Leishmania Entamoeba Toxoplasma Plasmdoium Babesia |
| What are the parasitic forms of Trypanosoma Leishmania? Which ones are found in humans? | amastigotes (human liver cells) promastigotes epimastigoes trypomastigotes (human plasma) |
| What is the vector of Chagas' disease, it's resevoir and where in the world is it found? What is the pathogenesis? | aka American trypanosomiasis T.cruzi - reduviid bug zoonotic - animal resevoirs South/Central America bug feces in face or eyes -> infects local tissue and causes ulcer -> inflammatory response obstructs lymphatics -> local edema (Romana's sign) -> local lymph enlargens and blood invaded -> spread through RES and localizes in myocardium and GIT and neuroglial cells |
| What is the vector and host for Leishmaniasis? | vector: phlebotomine sandfly hosts: rodents, dogs, humans, etc. |
| What are the 4 basic forms of Leishmaniasis? | Cutaneous/dermal Diffuse cutaneous Mucocutaneous Visceral |
| Visceral Leishmaniasis (aka 'kala azar') L. donovani | most severe form, 100% fatality if untreated Characterized by irregular fever, marked weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegally amastigotes in liver, spleen, bone marrow Parasite localization in macrophages of reticuloendothelial system -> pancytopenia -> high output heart failure (myocarditis/percarditis) replicate in RES asymptomatic or subclinical or acute, subacute, or chronic classical: pt life threatening, incubation period of weeks to months, fever, marked cachexia, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, hyperhammaglobulinemia with hypoalbuminemia diagnosis: presentation, history of exposure, parasite demonstration treatment: penotsan, glucantine, allopurinol, miltefosine |
| Entamaeba histolytica | worldwide dist. 3rd poor sanitation increasing among homosexuals AIDS pt susceptible resistant to chlorine intestinal disease -> extraintestinal spread -> liver abscess -> rupture -> pericardial disease |
| Tissue sporozoa | Toxmoplasma Plasmodium Babesia |
| Toxoplasma gondii (disease, hosts, modes of infection, disease cycle) | toxoplasmosis Cat family - definitive host Many vertebrates - intermediate host Modes of infection: undercooked meat; fecal-oral tranmission via cat feces; organ transplant; blood xfusion; transplacental transmission Infection -> usually subclinical -> flu-like, if clinical -> latency -> reactivation if compromised -> encephalitis, chorioretinitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, congestive heart failure |
| Which intestinal parasites may be associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, pericardial effusions or cardiac tamponade | Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis) - striated muscle, even heart Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cysts) Taenia solium (cysticercosis) |
| Which metazoa cause severe anemia and may cause severe cardiac pathology? | Necator americanus Acylostoma duodenale Diphyllobothrium latum |
| Which nematodes cause filariasis? | Wuchereria bancrofti (Human) Brugia malayi (Zoonotic) Onchocerca volvulus Loa loa Dracunculus medinensis |
| Elephantitis (epidemiology, pathogenesis, early and late pathology, diagnosis and treatment) | epidemiology: 120 million affected, 40 million disfigured, mostly in the tropics and subtropics, spread by mosquito, slow developing chronic disease, primarily human disease pathogenesis: microfilarie from mosquito -> adult worm in lymphatics -> production of many microfilariae -> lymphoedema -> inflamm rxn -> elephantiasis early path: acute inflamm; hypereosinophilia; massive lymphatic dilatation; bacterial and fungal infections; roll of Wolbachia bacteria late path: lymphoedema/elephantiasis; chyluria - lymph in urine diagnosis: exposure; physical presentation; inc. eosinophils; inc. IgE; inc. specific antifilarial Ab; inc. IgG4; microfilariae in blood (nocturunal periodicity); circulating antigen detection (ELISA, card test) treatment: Antihelminthics: diethylcarbamazine (DEC), albendazole + DEC, albendazole + ivermectin; Antibacterials: Wolbachia g- bacteria coexist with worms contribute to pathology, kill with tetracycline, rifampicin or doxycycline. |
| Onchocerciasis/River Blindness (epidemiology, mode of infection, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment) | epidemiology: blindness; 18 mil mostly Africa and S.A.; non-fatal; rapidly disappearing with WHO programs Mode of Infection: bite by black fly -> larvae injected, mature in subcut tissue -> adult in nodules -> microfilariae released, migrate to skin and eyes Pathogenesis: adult in onchocercoma -> millions of migrating microfilariae -> death of microfilariae -> CMI/Ab response/inc. IgE -> onchodermatitis (rough skin) + keratitis (may cause blindness) Diagnosis: history of exposure - black flies lay eggs in fast flowing rivers; clinical persentation; microfilariae in skin snip, slit lamp biomicroscopy Treatment: Diethycarbamazine; Ivermectin; Suramin (Antrypol) |
| Loa Loa (epidemiology, vector, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment | epidemiology: loiasis (Calabar swellings), limited dist - West Africa, Chrysops fly (deerfly), co-infected with other filaria Pathogenesis: bite of fly -> infective larvae -> subdermal CT -> moves around fascia of skin -> mature into adults -> swllings due to migrating worms -> across eye -> immune rxn to migrating (swellings and cysts) and dead worms (chronic abscesses followed by granuloma formation and fibrosis) Diagnosis: microfilariae in blood (diurnal periodicity), adult worm across eye, antigen detection Treatment: Ivermectin; albendazole |
| Dracunculiasis Mendinensis (Vector, hosts, diagnosis, treatment, control/eradication) | Vector: Cyclops (water flea) Nautral infxn of many animals larval stage in cyclops (vector) Adult stage in vetebrates; infection from larvae in contaminated water -> develop to adult in subcut tissue -> debilitating skin eruptions Diagnosis: radiology; direct visualization Treatment: metronidazole; thiabendazole Control/Eradication: water treatment - filtration, boiling |
| Mansonella Ozzardi (distribution, vectors, symptoms) | Distribution: South America & Caribbean Vectors: Simulium black fly & Culicoides midges Symptoms: mild/asymptomatic - headache, jonit pains, pruritus, inguinal adenitis possible |
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