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Duodenum first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas jejunum middle portion of small intestine where chemical digestion ends and absorption begins ilieum The last section of the small intestine joins the cecum large instestine absorbs water; eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces small instestine part of the digestive tract that functions as the primary site of nutrient absorption in monogastric chyle a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats chyme a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum liver largest organ in the body; performs many functions such as producing bile, storing glucose as glycogen, and transforming ammonia to urea spleen Organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells gall bladder stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the duodenum common hepatic duct large bile duct leading from liver; joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct pyloric sphincter ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum pancreas gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food ulcer a circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue fundus A section of the stomach formed by the upper curvature of the organ. digestion the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body absorption the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion digestive tract The organs through which food passes during the process of being digested. These include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. mucosa the innermost layer of the GI tract, surrounding the lumen, or space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with the food (or bolus), and is responsible for absorption and secretion, important processes in digestion. submucosa loose connective tissue, supporting function, blood and lymph vessels help move the food muscularis externa bilayer of smooth muscle which consists of a layer running circularly and another running longitudinally peristalsis involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system serous membrane thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist simple squamous epithelium peritoneum membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen) parietal peritoneum outer layer of the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity visceral peritoneum inner layer of the membrane that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity greater peritoneal cavity MAIN PORTION - located in abdominal cavity, extends into pelvic cavity. lesser peritoneal cavity an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach greater omentum part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines lesser omentum a part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and liver and supporting the hepatic vessels mastication the act of chewing ingestion process of taking in food deglutition act of swallowing salivary amylase Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch deciduous teeth baby teeth incisors Teeth between the canines that are used for cutting molars Back teeth that grind food dentin a calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth gingiva the tissue (covered by mucous membrane) of the jaws that surrounds the bases of the teeth Gums) enamel hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth pharynx throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx uvula soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat bolus A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva esophageal hiatus An opening in the diaphragm greater curvature outer large curve of the stomach lesser curvature inner small curve of the stomach pylorus portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine lower esophageal sphincter Formerly called the cardiac sphincter, this sphincter marks the entrance to the stomach. Its function is to prevent reflux of acid stomach contents into the esophagus; note that it does ***not regulate entry into the stomach*. pyloric sphincter the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine important in regulating how rapidly food moves into the small instestine rugae folds in the lining of the stomach that expands surface area hydrochloric acid a component of gastric juice that helps create the environment that pepsin needs to break down protein in the stomach. pepsin A protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands. Pepsin is secreted in its inactive form (pepsinogen) and is activated by gastric acid. It is unusual in that its pH optimum is around 1-2; most of these enzymes in the body function best at neutral pHs segmentation alternating regions of contraction and relaxation; mixes chyme and spreads it over length of small intestine villi Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area microvilli Microscopic outward folds of the cells lining the small intestine; microvilli serve to increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption. lacteal a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids cecum the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens ileocecal valve prevents food from moving back into the small intestine once it has entered the large intestine ascending colon the first part of the colon in the right side of the abdomen. descending colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon sigmoid colon fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum liver large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity trypsin an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates gall bladder to release bile inhibits the stomach source( duodenum) secretin hormone produced on duodenum wall that stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralized acid in duodenum Gastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP) hormone from the duodenum that inhibits release of gastric juices and stimulates release of insulin from the pancreas gastrin polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach