| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Ganglion | a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies ( somas) outside the central nervous system |
| Nuclei | groups of neuron cell bodies ( somas) in spinal cord gray matter |
| Ascending tract (white matter) | Nerves carrying sensory information up the spinal chord |
| Decending tract (white matter) | Nerve containing motor information being carried down the spinaal cord |
| Anatomy of the spinal chord | 31 spinal segments each yielding a pair of spinal nerves, 4 regions of spinal column |
| Dorsal Root of cross section | sensory information from PNS to CNS |
| Ventral Root | motor information from CNS to PNS |
| Function of Spinal Chord | Conduct sensory impulses from periphery via spinal nerves up ascending tract to brain and to conduct motor information down descending tract to body |
| Meninges | 3 layers of connective tissue covering the CNS, Pia mater, archnoid mattter,dura matter |
| Pia matter- | innermost layer of the CNS |
| Archnoid matter | middle layer of the CNS |
| Dura mater | Outermost layer- close to skull |
| Butterfly Gray matter | surrounded by ascending and descending tracts of white matter |
| Reflex | Involves the spinal chord and not the brain |
| Monosynaptic reflex | One synapse |
| polysnaptic reflex | More than one synapse |
| Extrafusal fiber | Deals with stretch reflex, a typical striated muscle fiber |
| Alpha waves | Can be read on a electroencephalogram, resting but awake, disappears when sleep |
| Beta waves | Can be read on a electroencephalogramActive Mental Activity |
| Theta Waves | Can be read on a electroencephalogram Emotional stress, newborns usually show these waves |
| Delta waves | Can be read on a electroencephalogram Awake infant, Sleeping adult |
| Visceral afferent sensory neurons | send information about joints, and organs to the CNS |
| Somatic afferent sensory neurons | send sensory impulses from skin to the CNS |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Two divisions , Parasympathetic, Sympathetic |
| Sympathetic | Fight, flight, fright, mass activation which affect your entire body |
| Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Sys. | thoracic and lumbar region, long post ganglionic, short pre ganglionic. innervates entire body |
| Parasympathetic division | Rest, Relaxation- preganglion are long and post ganglion are short, innervates the head and lower abdomen |
| Cholinergic fibers | produce ACH |
| Adrenergic Fibers | produce neuronephrine and epinephrine |
| Cholinergic fibers | Are all preganglionic fibers and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, sweat glands |
| Adrenergic fibers | Sympathetic postganglionic fibers |
| Adrenergic Receptors | Receive neuronephrine and epinephrine, they can excite some receptor and inhibit others |
| Alpha Receptors ( needed during dual innervation) | are normally excited but get very excited when the receive neuronephron |
| Beta receptors ( needed during dual innervation | normally inhibit, but on the heart they get excited, |
| Golgi tendon organ | detects changes in tendon tension, syhapse with inhibitory neurons in the chord and synapse with motor neurons innervating extrafusal fibers |
| annulospiral | A sensory receptor of the muscle spindle found at the ends of the intrafusal fibers and extrafusal fibers which synapse with the motor nerve in the spinal chord |
| stretching intrafusal and extrafusal fibers | cause reflex |
| GTO | can detect severe stretching and innerveate inhibitory interneurons |
| Stretch reflex | simple,rapid reflex without brain intervention, monosynaptic, ipsilateral reflex |
| Withdrawl reflex | one muscle is told to do something and the other is told not to |
Combine with other sets
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