| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Duke of Alba | led Catholic armies in Netherlands; iron-fisted |
| William of Orange | leader of Protestants |
| 12 Duchy | Northern 10 were Protestant; Southern 2 were Catholic; ALL wanted independence from Spain |
| Spanish Netherlands | modern-day Belgium |
| Charles V | father of Phillip II |
| Phillip II | ruled Spain at it's height of power; son of Charles V |
| Hapsburg | family that ruled Spain; originally from Austria; united Spain, Austria, and other Spanish territories, ruled Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands |
| Black Legend | belief that Spanish are overly-zealous; Catholic government and army are vicious; Europeans heard what Spanish were doing to Indians |
| Spain | Catholic champion |
| Hugenots | French Calvinists |
| Edict of Nantes | brought peace between Protestants and Catholics; Protestants could practice faith in designated cities |
| St. Bartholomew Day's Massacre | 7000 killed; Catherine chose her sister's wedding in Paris to be location, Catherine gave signal, her army came out with lists of Protestants, killed them all in one day; RESULT: France remains Catholic; Protestants in Europe became terrified; felt they had to fight or they'd be killed; Henry was assassinated |
| Politique | ruler that prefers stability over religious terms |
| Henry III | too young to rule; mom rules for him; Protestant; politique; lives close to adulthood; Medici son |
| Catherine de Medici | would decide whether France was Protestant or Catholic; 3 sons, 2 die young; last son=Henry III (too young to rule); husband died, Catholic; wipes out Protestants in France; sends assassin to kill most powerful and gets caught |
| The Spanish Fury | Atrocity in Antwerp; Spanish armies didn't receive pay, targeted civilians; 7000 killed; RESULT: Northern 10 gain independence; Southern 2 switch to Spanish side, remain Spanish Netherlands, modern-day Belgium |
| Council of Troubles (Blood) | run by the Duke; Spanish called it "of Troubles", Dutch called it "of Blood' |
| Mary I (Tudor) | "Bloody Mary"; daughter from Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII; Catholic; had Protestant religion revoked; had 287 Protestants burned at the stake; chooses Phillip II as husband (future king of Spain-Catholic); if they have son, England=Catholic/SPA possession...didn't have son |
| Elizabeth I | "politique"; wouldn't be Catholic; Mary's half sister; Mary didn't want her to rule; officially established Church of England; launches sea dogs |
| Anglican Church | looked Catholic, but beliefs were Protestant |
| Pro-Catholics | re-united with the popes |
| Puritans | Purify Anglican Church of anything Catholic |
| Netherlands | country that rebels under Elizabeth's rule |
| seadogs | English privateers (offical pirate); targeted any vessels that were Spanish; Captain carries letters of mark by state; use small fast ships |
| Sir Francis Drake/John Hawkins | most famous seadogs |
| Jolly Roger | name of pirate flag |
| Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart) | cousin of Elizabeth; Catholic; had some claim to throne of England; Elizabeth tries to have her killed, she has to get out of Scotland, her husband is killed by her lover; asks Elizabeth for sanctuary, lives in England for 19 years, trieds to get rid of Elizabeth; Elizabeth kills Mary; wore red dress, had dog, gave executionist a necklace as a tip so he'd do a good job |
| Spanish Armada | 1588; Phillip II launches in response to Mary Stuart's death; 130 warships; 25,000 troops; failed; wanted to remain in close formation; hurricane scatters armada; fireships used to break armada apart; decline of Spain; rise of England |
| Thirty Years War | worst of all religious wars; in Germany (Holy Roman Empire); lasted 30 years; population went from 16,000,000 to 6,000,000 due to widespread starvation, canibalism, torture, and thumbscrews |
| Magdeburg | captured by Catholics; burned to ground with 30,000 people in it |
| Ethiopia | Christian kingdom in Africa (possible ally against turks) |
| Crusades | Holy War; Muslims vs. Christians; took place in Palestine |
| 700 A.D.-1492 | when the last Crusades took place in Spain |
| "the reconquista" | Spain's name for Crusades |
| Constantinople | fell to Turks in 1453; former capital of Bizentine Empire |
| "Christendom" | Christian states |
| taxes | Christians had to pay taxes, but Muslims didn't |
| Jannisaries | little Christian boys; Islamic fanatical fighters ; Turks elite corp |
| Galileo Galilei | uses Capernicus' own data and applies his own math to check to see if he is correct; has a telescope (only difference); first to see mountains and craters on moon, sunspots, 4 moons of Jupiter; eventually goes blind; waits until his friend (Urban VIII) becomes pope so he can publish his book in 1632-"Dialogo"-to argue geocentric and heliocentric models; realizes that acceleration due to gravity is a constant and all things fall at a constant due to gravity (equal velocity) |
| Urban VIII | Galileo's friend; suppresses Gailileo's book, gave him over to inquisition; showed him instruments, put under house arrest |
| "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" | Capernicus' book; published in 1543 |
| Capernicus | first to argue geocentric theory isn't real |
| John Locke | believed that the moment you were born, you had god-given rights; natural rights of human beings; most politic writer; wanted to look for natural laws that described human behavior |
| Adam Smith | wrote "The Wealth of Nations"; was looking for the natural laws dictating a state's economy/trade; law of supply and demand; government hands off of businesses |
| "Wealth of Nations" | Adam Smith's book |
| "Leviathan" | book written by Thomas Hobbes |
| Thomas Hobbes | wanted to look for natural laws governing the relationship between a government and his people; wrote "Leviathan" |
| "natural philosophers of 18th century" (of then Enlightenment) | means free thinker |
| Voltaire | most well known philosopher of Enlightenment/18th Century; wrote "Candide" |
| "Candide" | written by Voltaire |
| Sir Isaac Newton | studied universal gravity and the laws of motion; explained why everything acts the way it does; 2 fundamental laws-1) gravity 2) inertia; governed all movement of all matter |
| Arthur Miller | wrote "The Crucible" |
| Benin | where Voodoo originated |
| Danvers | highest concentration of witches today |
| Salem, Massachusetts | most notorious place of witch scare |
| Salem Village | modern-day Danvers; where 19 witches were killed, 24 were convicted; 1 older man died during interrogation; refused to declare innocence |
| Switzerland | new industrial country-Protestant |
| Berlin | was the capital of Prussia |
| Treaty of Westphalia (Peace of Westphalia) | 1648; established new territories-Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist |
| Phase 3 | French Intervention; against the Hapsburgs and for the Protestants |
| Phase 2 | Swedish Intervention |
| Phase 1 | Hapsburg Ascendency; 2 generals leading Catholic forces-Vontilly, Wallenstein |
| Sir Francis Drake | first English captain to go all the way around the world; was running from the Spanish the whole way |
| Henry VIII | King of England; wife=Catherine of Aragon; everyone adored the couple; fell in love with Anne Boleyn, she was in love with another man, had the other man killed |
| Catherine of Aragon | wife of Henry VIII; youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; dedicated Catholic |
| Anne Boleyn | woman that Henry VIII fell in love with; was in love with another man other than Henry VIII |
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