DNA and protein synthesis
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Created by:
hannahbanana214 on June 26, 2012
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 nucleus | control center for protein synthesis, directs all cell activity, contains the nucleolus |
| nucleolus | makes ribosomes |
| ribosomes | make proteins |
| DNA | purpose is to store hereditary information and make proteins for the cell, as well as controlling the growth of new organisms, and forms chromosomes inside of the nucleus |
| why protein? | needed for body tissues-as they get repaired and replaced, to create the enzymes our bodies need for chemical reactions, and needed for growth and repair |
| what is it made of (DNA)? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous |
| Purines | adenine, guanine |
| Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine |
| DNA shape | double helix |
| RNA shape | single strand |
| DNA sugar | doexyribose |
| RNA sugar | ribose |
| DNA nitrogen base | C-G, A-T |
| RNA nitrogen base | C-G, A-U |
| transcription | occurs in the nucleus, the mRNA copies DNA (segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules) |
| translation | occurs in the ribosomes, the tRNA makes proteins (decoding of an mRNA message into a protein) |
| mRNA | messenger RNA, carries info from DNA to other parts of the cell and assembles amino acids into proteins |
| tRNA | transfer RNA, once a protein is built, the RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the protein |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA, where protein is assembled on proteins |
| amino acids | the building blocks of proteins |
| scientists who discovered DNA | Watson and Crick |
| genetic code | the language of the DNA that the letters A C G T U form |
| introns | remaining pieces of pre mRNA molecules that are cut out and discarded |
| exons | remaining pieces of RNA molecule that are pieced together to form the final mRNA molecule |
| polypeptide | when proteins are created by joining amino acids together in large chains (20 amino acids in many polypeptides) |
| central dogma | info is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein |
| anticodon | 3 unpaired bases |
| codon | 3 paired bases |
| gene expression | the way that DNA, RNA and protein work together to put genetic info into living cells |
| promoters | regions of DNA that have specific base molecules |
| frameshift mutation | shifting the reading of the genetic message, can shift every amino acid following the point of mutation, may stop proteins from functioning normally |
| point mutation | gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides (occur at a single point in the DNA sequence) |
| Mutations | heritable changes in the genetic information |
| Inversion mutation | reversing the direction of the bases |
| deletion | loss of a base |
| Duplication | an extra copy of a base |
| Translocation | when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another |
| Substitution | one base is changed to another |
| Insertion | a point mutation in which one base is inserted into the DNA sequence |
| Mutagens | chemical or physical agents in the environment that can cause mutations |
| polypoidy | the condition when an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
| Mutations effects | Proteins with new or altered functions can be useful to organisms or changing environments, may negatively disrupt gene function, may have little or no effect, most produce neutral effects |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme similar to DNA that binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands |
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