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nucleus control center for protein synthesis, directs all cell activity, contains the nucleolus nucleolus makes ribosomes ribosomes make proteins DNA purpose is to store hereditary information and make proteins for the cell, as well as controlling the growth of new organisms, and forms chromosomes inside of the nucleus why protein? needed for body tissues-as they get repaired and replaced, to create the enzymes our bodies need for chemical reactions, and needed for growth and repair what is it made of (DNA)? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous Purines adenine, guanine Pyrimidines cytosine, thymine DNA shape double helix RNA shape single strand DNA sugar doexyribose RNA sugar ribose DNA nitrogen base C-G, A-T RNA nitrogen base C-G, A-U transcription occurs in the nucleus, the mRNA copies DNA (segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules) translation occurs in the ribosomes, the tRNA makes proteins (decoding of an mRNA message into a protein) mRNA messenger RNA, carries info from DNA to other parts of the cell and assembles amino acids into proteins tRNA transfer RNA, once a protein is built, the RNA molecule transfers each amino acid to the protein rRNA ribosomal RNA, where protein is assembled on proteins amino acids the building blocks of proteins scientists who discovered DNA Watson and Crick genetic code the language of the DNA that the letters A C G T U form introns remaining pieces of pre mRNA molecules that are cut out and discarded exons remaining pieces of RNA molecule that are pieced together to form the final mRNA molecule polypeptide when proteins are created by joining amino acids together in large chains (20 amino acids in many polypeptides) central dogma info is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein anticodon 3 unpaired bases codon 3 paired bases gene expression the way that DNA, RNA and protein work together to put genetic info into living cells promoters regions of DNA that have specific base molecules frameshift mutation shifting the reading of the genetic message, can shift every amino acid following the point of mutation, may stop proteins from functioning normally point mutation gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides (occur at a single point in the DNA sequence) Mutations heritable changes in the genetic information Inversion mutation reversing the direction of the bases deletion loss of a base Duplication an extra copy of a base Translocation when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another Substitution one base is changed to another Insertion a point mutation in which one base is inserted into the DNA sequence Mutagens chemical or physical agents in the environment that can cause mutations polypoidy the condition when an organism has extra sets of chromosomes Mutations effects Proteins with new or altered functions can be useful to organisms or changing environments, may negatively disrupt gene function, may have little or no effect, most produce neutral effects RNA polymerase an enzyme similar to DNA that binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands