AP Euro Ch. 18 -- Scientific Revolution
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34 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Aristotelian World View | Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond. |
| Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. |
| Tycho Brahe | (1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572. |
| Robert Boyle | (1627-1691) Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt. |
| Andrew Celsius | invented measurement of temperature (Celsius) |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | (1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory. |
| Heliocentric Theory | Sun is the center of the universe (Copernican) |
| Geocentric Theory | Earth is the center of the universe (Aristotelian) |
| Descartes | (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations. |
| Discourse on Methods | Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning. |
| Empiricism | Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning. |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees. |
| Galileo Galilei | Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter's moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World |
| Gresham College | Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity. |
| William Harvey | Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body. |
| Carl Linnaeus | System Nature - developed methods to classify and name plants and animals. |
| Natural Law | universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves. |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687) |
| Ptolemy's System | Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets. |
| The Royal Society of London | Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences. |
| Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities | Rousseau, discuss the innocence ofman and his corruption by society. |
| Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. |
| Deism | God buil the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |
| Enlightened Despot | Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great. |
| Humanitarianism | Promoting human welfare and social reform. |
| Second Treatise of Government | Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property. |
| Essay Concerning Human Understanding | Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory. |
| Rococo | Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits. |
| The Spirit of Laws | Montesquieu, about separation of powers. |
| The Social Contract | Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis. |
| Candide | Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe. |
| Montesquieu | French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. "Power checks power." Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate. |
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