OB/GYN Board Exam - Ultrasound1
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Esophageal Atresia | Discontinuity of the esophagus. |
| What is Esophageal Atresia accompanied by 90% of the time? | Distal tracheo-esophageal fistula |
| Congenital malformations associated with esophageal atresia: | cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, gastrourinary, muskuloskeletal anomalies |
| Meconium (mixture of:) | Bile, swallowed vernix, desquamated cells, and fetal hair |
| When is the colon most obvious? | 3rd trimester |
| Peristalsis can be seen by: | Late 2nd trimester |
| Sonographic findings of esophageal atresia: | small or absent stomach, inability to demonstrate stomach on serial exams, polyhydramnios |
| Duodenal Atresia | The first part of the small bowel (duodenum) hasn't developed properly. |
| Anomalies associated with duodenal atresia: | Karyotype, or anomalies present at birth. Most commonly cardiac or vertebral. Trisomy 21. |
| Sonographic findings of duodenal atresia: | "double bubble" sign, polyhydramnios |
| "Double Bubble" sign | dilated stomach and dilated proximal duodenum |
| Duodenal atresia may not become apparent until: | 24 weeks gestation |
| Intestinal Atresia | Narrowing, absence, or obstruction of the intestine. (w/ subsequent distention of bowel loops) |
| Intestinal Atresia - The small bowel internal diameter is: | >7mm |
| Intestinal Atresia - Sono - PAC PIM | P - polyhydramnios A - ascites C - calcifications P - perforation, I - increased peristalsis, M - multiple fluid filled bowel. |
| Meconium Peritonitis | Rupture of the bowel prior to birth. (perforation in utero) Results in fetal stool (meconium) escaping into the peritoneum. Leads to peritonitis. (sterile chemical peritonitis) |
| Etiology of Meconium Peritonitis: | Cystic Fibrosis (35-40%) Because of thick, sticky meconium |
| Meconium Peritonitis can occur after: | Fetal bowel obstruction. |
| Fetal bowel obstruction can be caused by: | Intestinal atresia, volvulus, or meconium ileus. |
| Meconium Peritonitis - sono - CAMP | C - calcifications in fetal abdomen A - ascites M - meconium pseudocyst P - polyhydramnios. |
| Hyperechoic Bowel | The echogenicity is increased and is similar to or greater than the adjacent bone. |
| Hyperechoic Bowel cant be identified until: | 2nd trimester |
| Hyperechoic Bowel is located in: | Lower fetal abdomen and pelvis |
| Hyperechoic Bowel characteristics: | Focal or diffuse, doesn't shadow |
| What should be used to determine Hyperechoic Bowel? | Lower frequency. |
| Etiologies of Hyperechoic Bowel: STINC | S - swallowed intra-abdominal blood (rare) T - trisomy 21 I - infection - CMV (cytomegalovirus) N - normal variant C - cystic fibrosis |
| What plane can you see the upper lip and nares? | Oblique coronal plane |
| What plane can you see the eyes? | True coronal or trans |
| What is associated with an absent or hypoplastic nasal bone? | Trisomy 21 |
| Trisomy 21 is associated with a NF of: | >6mm (between 15 and 21 weeks) |
| Hypotelorism | Decreased intraorbital distance |
| Hypertelorism | Increased intraorbital distance |
| Hypotelorism associated with: | Holoprosencephaly, and other symptoms |
| Hypertelorism associated with: | Anterior cephalocele, and other symptoms |
| What is the most common congenital facial anomaly? | Cleft lip / Palate |
| Cleft lip/palate percentages: | 25% cleft lip only 50% cleft lip and palate 25% cleft palate only |
| Asymmetric clefts can be associated with: | Amniotic band syndrome |
| Cleft lip/palate - sono - PB SAM | P - polyhydramnios B - Best seen in coronal section S - shouldn't be mistaken for philtrum A - Anechoic cleft extending from nostril to lip M - may see tongue moving in cleft |
| Median Cleft Lip | Midline malformation without cleft palate |
| Median cleft lip embryonic development is related to: | Differentiation of the forebrain |
| Median cleft lip associated with: | Holoprosencephaly, other ML defects of the face |
| Median cleft lip - sono: | Similar to cleft lip/palate Search for other facial anomalies (face predicts the brain) |
| Micrognathia | Abnormally small jaw |
| Micrognathis associated with: | Trisomy 18 |
| Frontal Bossing | A prominent forehead due to absent nasal bridge |
| Frontal Bossing associated with: | Skeletal Dysplasia |
| Epignathus | Pharyngeal teratoma which protrudes from the fetal mouth. Rare |
| Epignathus associated with: | Polyhydramnios (b/c ineffective fetal swallowing) |
| Epignathus - sono: | Large complex cystic and solid mass May hyperextend the neck |
| Cystic Teratoma | Complex cystic or solid mass near the fetal neck Can occur anywhere on or around the neck |
| Cystic Teratoma may be mistaken for: | Cystic Hygroma |
| Nuchal Thickening | Increased soft tissue thickness at the posterior aspect of the neck. |
| Nuchal Thickening associated with: | Trisomy 21, and other chromosomal anomalies |
| When looking for nuchal thickening, what else do you see in the oblique axial plane? | Cavum Septum Pellucidum 3rd Ventricle Cerebellum Cisterna Magna |
| Nuchal Thickening - Abnormal Measurement: | >6mm (15-21 weeks) Fetal head must NOT be hyperextended |
| Cystic Hygroma | Single or multiple cystic areas surround the neck. Benign. |
| Cystic Hygroma associated with: FAT TAP | F - fetal Hydrops (Large ones) A - ascites T - trisomy 21 T - turner's syndrome A - anasarca P - pleural effusion |
| The orgin of a cystic hygroma is: | Lymphatic system |
| Cystic Hygroma may mimic: | Cervical Teratoma Encephalocele Cervical Meningomyelocele |
| Cystic Hygroma - sono: | Thin walled Multiseptated mass Nuchal ligament may be seen extending posterior. |
| What can be a cause of Polyhydramnios? | Inability for the fetus to swallow. (Fetus normally swallows amniotic fluid) Anything causing more fetal urine output (Fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid) Most things associated with GI anomalies (Trisomy 18 & 21) |
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