Bio 1406
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Created by:
Daviddicke1282 on June 30, 2012
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 viroids | 1 smallest known particles that are able to replicate 39 sets |
| prions | Infectious protein particles that do not have a genome |
| prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. |
| lyric cycle | Dna injected into the host cell immediately begins to be used to make protiens which assemble into new virons and destroy the cell with their exit |
| virulence | ability to produce disease, lyric cycle |
| mutagen | a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation |
| base pairing rule | A nucleotide with an adenine (A) base if always paired with one containing a thymine (T) base for DNA and uracil (U) base for RNA. Same applies for a cytosine (C) base which goes with a guanine (G) base |
| mismatch repair | The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides |
| excision repair | A process whereby cells remove part of a damaged DNA strand and replace it through DNA synthesis using the undamaged strand as a template. The repair of a DNA lesion by removal of the faulty DNA segment and its replacement with a new segment. |
| electroporation | a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter |
| episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome. |
| transposons | (jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material |
| inverted repeat | A pair of noncoding DNA sequences about 20 to 40 nucleotides long. The insertion sequence is repeated upside down and backward at the other end. |
| direct repeat | nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome |
| operon | a segment of DNA containing adjacent genes including structural genes and an operator gene and a regulatory gene |
| plasmid | a small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code |
| binary fission | type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells |
| transformation | (genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA |
| transduction | (genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage |
| conjugation | The process in which a unicellular organism transfers some of its genetic material to another unicellular organism. |
| oncogene | a gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells |
| horizontal transmission | A pathogen is passed from one living organism to another living organism through respiratory droplets, blood, or other bodily fluid. |
| vertical transmission | the route by w/c an infectious disease is transmitted from one generation to the next |
| provirus | Viral DNA that is integrated into a host cell's chromosome and replicated each time the host cell replicates |
| retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. |
| vaccine | substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity |
| emerging viruses | previously endemic (low level of infections in localized areas; small outbreaks); cross species; YELLOW FEVER, DINGUE FEVER (TROPICAL, W/ GLOBAL WARMING ITS HEADING NORTH), HIV (FROM SIV THAT AFFECTS MONKEYS {CROSS SPECIES}, POLIO, MEASLES |
| capsid | A protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus |
| envelope | a membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses |
| host range | the limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize |
| lysogenic cycle | A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. |
| point mutation | mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another |
| missense mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. |
| nonsense mutation | a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein |
| frame shift mutation | Mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence |
| base pair substitution | A point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides. |
| intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| exon | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns. |
| termination codon | One of the three codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signal the termination of translation of a polypeptide. |
| anticodon | A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis. |
| TATA box | the nucleotide sequence T-A-T-A; often occurs in the promoter region during mRNA transcriptions. |
| primary transcription | An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene. |
| pre mRNA | precursor mRNA; the first strand of mRNA produced by the gene transcription that contains both introns and exons |
| codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| reading frame | On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis |
| auxotroph | any mutant microorganism having a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent |
| minimal medium | a defined medium that contains the minimal ingredients needed by genetically normal (wild type) strains of a particular species. |
| complete growth medium | This is a minimal medium that is supplemented with all 20 amino acids and a few other nutrients, usually required by the mutated species. |
| transcription | (genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA |
| translation | (genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm |
| lagging strand | a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork |
| leading strand | the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction |
| primer | A polynucleotide with a free 3ยด end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated during DNA replication. |
| Watson and crick | Figured out structure of DNA was a double helix |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| histones | protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
| multigene families | A type of variation in an organism's DNA sequence; this variation consists of several different genes that produce different proteins that are related in function |
| southern blotting | A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in a sample of DNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe. |
| DNA fingerprints | patterns of bands made up of specific fragments from an individuals DNA |
| proto-oncogenes | a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene. |
| complete medium | medium containing all the nutrients that a bacterium could possibly need; supports the growth of auxotrophs |
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