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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heterotrophs | An organism that gets its energy (organic food molecules) by consuming other organisms. |
| Glycolysis | The splitting if glucose into pyruvate. The one metabolic that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| Stroma | The supporting framework or matrix of a cell |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | A type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of ATP by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. |
| Peroxisome | a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen. This produces and then degrades hydrogen peroxide. |
| Active Transport | The diffusion of molecules through a membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration with the help of energy (ATP) |
| Chlorophyll b | The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a dark-green form- C55H70MgN4O6 |
| Chloroplast | Chlorophyll-containing organelle found in algal and green plant cells. |
| Cilia | Minute hairlike organelles, identical in structure to flagella, that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals. |
| Classical Conditioning | A process in which a stimulus that was previously neutral, as the sound of a bell, comes to evoke a particular response, as salivation, by being repeatedly paired with another stimulus that normally evokes the response, as the taste of food. |
| Cofactor | Any of various organic or inorganic substances necessary to the function of an enzyme. |
| Cohesion | The molecular attraction or joining of the surfaces of two pieces of the same substance. |
| Commensalism | A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species in which one derives some benefit while the other is unaffected. |
| PEP Carboxylase | Enzyme responsible for the primary fixation of carbon dioxide |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| Alcohol Fermentation |  Anaerobic; Pyruvate is converted to ethanol; used for brewing and making wine |
| Reduction | The gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction. |
| Rubisco | The enzyme that catalyzes the first step, ribulate carboxylase. The addition of CO2 to RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) of the Calvin cycle. |
| Peripheral proteins | are proteins found around the plasma membrane but are on the outsides of the membrane |
| Peroxisome | a microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from substrates to oxygen. They produce and then degrade hydrogen peroxide |
| Reaction center chlorophyll | consists of a cluster of proteins plus a pair of chlorophyll molecules and some electron carriers. Plants and cyanobacteria have two distinct reaction centers which operate in series whereas anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria have only a single reaction center. |
| Redox Reactions | are the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. When there is oxidation, there is also reduction. The substance which loses electrons is oxidised. The substance which gains electrons is reduced. |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis involving large substances; "cell eating" |
| Phospholipid | Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail |
| Phosphate group | A funtional group inportant in energy transfer. |
| pH scale/H+ ion | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0-14 |
| lactic acid fermentation | an anaerobic form of respiration in which sugars are converted into cellular energy and lactic acid |
| light reactions | the first stage of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| Kreb's Cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that complete the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide. Second stage in cellular respiration. |
| Exocytosis | The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fushion of vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
| Extracellular Matrix | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded; consists of protein and polysaccharides. |
| catabolism | destructive metabolism, the breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy |
| cellular respiration | The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances |
| Stomata | any of various small apertures. One of the minute orifices or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged. |
| Photosystem I | The second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria. It uses light to reduce molecules. |
| Photosystem II | The first protein complex in the Light-dependent reactions. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The enzyme uses photons of light to energize electrons . |
| Chemiosmosis | The production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradiens across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells. |
| cyclic photophosphorylation | The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis, coupled to the cyclic passage of electrons to and from P700, the specialized form of chlorophyll a which is involved in photosystem I, using a series of carrier molecules. |
| mitchondrion | A small spherical organelle, bounded by a double membrane, in the cytoplasm of most cells: contains enzymes responsible for energy production. Also knows as ATP |
| Bundle-sheath cells | photosynthetic cells arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf |
| non-cyclic photophosphorylation | ATP synthesis that is driven by light ,where, H2o is donates electrons and Nadp accepts teh electrons |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| Cyclic Electron Flow |  A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen |
| Mesophyll cells | The ground tissue of a leaf; sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized in photosynthesis. |
| chlorophyll | The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurs in two forms |
| chlorophyll a | A waxy blue-black microcrystalline green-plant pigment, with a characteristic blue-green alcohol solution |
| phospholipid | similar to fatty scids, molecules that make up the inner bilayer of biological membranes having a polar,hydrophilic head, and nonpolar, hydrophobic tail |
| photophosphorylation | utilizes light as a source of energy, as in the formation of ATP from ADP |
| photorespiration | oxidation of carbohydrates in many higher plants in which they get oxygen from light and then release carbon dioxide |
| photosynthesis | synthesis of complex organic molecules especially carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, water, using sunlight as the source of energy |
| C3 plants | more then 95 % of plants on the earth are this. A plant that changes C02 into a three carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis. |
| C4 plants | A plant that changes Co2 into a four carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle for photosynthesis |
| Calvin Cycle | A series of reactions in the chloroplast, Where carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose with the aid of ATP and NADPH. It forms a 3 carbon sugar pyruvate. |
| CAM plants | Crassulacen acid metabolism. This plant stores carbon dioxide at night, and releases it during the day increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis. |
| Carbon Fixation | A process in which carbon dioxide is converted to a solid compound. Usually driven by photosynthesis and Carbon dioxide is converted into glucose |
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| Terms | 55 |
| Creator | flanaganapbiology |
| Created | October 15, 2009 |
| Group | AP Biology Flanagan |
| Subject | biology |
| Access | Anyone |
| Edit | Via password or Group: AP Biology Flanagan |