| Term | Definition |
|---|
| why is the fact that an atom is indivisible so important? | it makes them countable |
| unit of measurement for mass of an atom | atomic mass unit (amu) |
| the periodic table gives atomic weights in | amu |
| how do you get the mass of an atom in grams? | (x amu of atom)(1.661x10^-24g/1 amu) |
| 1 mole = | 6.022x10^23 atoms |
| the atomic mass of one atom of an element corresponds to | the average mass of a single atom in amu and the mass of a mole of atoms in grams |
| molar mass | the mass in grams of 1 mole of atoms |
| if you're given grams of an element, how do you get to atoms of that element? | grams --> moles --> atoms |
| when in doubt convert to | moles |
| chemical formula | a combination of symbols of the various elements that make up the compound |
| formula unit | the smallest collection of atoms that provide the identity of the atoms and the relative number of each type of atom |
| what are the diatomic molecules? | H, N, F, O, Cl, Br, I |
| hydrate | compound containing one or more water molecules as an integral part of their structure |
| why is CuSO(4)[H(2)O](5) not correct? | the subscript suggests a covalent bond |
| formula weight | the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the compound as represented by its correct formula, expressed in amu |
| formula weight = | molar mass |
| features of a chemical equation: identity of products and reactants must be specified using: | chemical symbols |
| ______ of reactants and products may be shown in parentheses | physical states |
| the delta symbol over the reaction arrow means that | energy is necessary for the reaction to occur |
| the equation must be ____________ | balanced |
| the products must be written ___________ | how they exist in nature |
| evidence of a reaction occurring (4) | release of a gas, formation of a solid (precipitate), production or absorption of heat, color change |
| what are more subtle indications of a reaction occurring? (3) | absorption or emission of heat or light, change in electrical or magnetic behavior, change in electrical properties |
| the four patterns of chemical reactions | combination, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement |
| combination reaction | A + B ----> AB |
| decomposition reaction | AB ---> A + B |
| single replacement reaction | A + BC ---> B + AC |
| does the identity of a polyatomic ion change in a replacement reaction? | no |
| double replacement reaction | AB + CD ---> AD + CB |
| types of chemical reactions | precipitation, combustion, corrosion, neutralization, oxidation-reduction |
| precipitation reactions | chemical change in a solution that results in one or more insoluble products |
| compounds that are generally soluble | sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrates, acetates, halides |
| exceptions to the compounds that are generally soluble | halides when combined with lead(II), silver(I), and mercury(I), |
| compounds that are generally insoluble | carbonates, phosphates, hydroxides, sulfides |
| exceptions to the compounds that are generally insoluble | carbonates and phosphates when combined with sodium, potassium, or ammonium; hydroxides and sulfides when combined with sodium, potassium, calcium, or ammonium |
| combustion reaction | reaction with oxygen that releases energy in the form of carbon dioxide and water |
| reaction of O(2) with hydrocarbons always leads to: | CO(2) and H(2)O |
| neutralization reactions | involve the transfer of a hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid to the other |
| a salt = | an ionic substance |
| products of neutralization will always be | salt and water |
| oxidation-reduction reactions | inolves the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
| the coefficients of a chemical equation represent | the number of moles of each substance in the equation |
| net ionic equation | excludes all atoms but the ones that will combine to form a precipitate (the ones that matter) |
| guidelines for balancing an equation | balance everything but H and O, then balance H by dealing with water, then balance O by dealing with elemental oxygen |
| formula weight is measured in | amu |
| molar mass is measured in | g/mol |
| theoretical yield | the maximum amount of product that can be produced |
| actual yield | the amount produced when the reaction is performed |
| percent yield = | actual yield / theoretical yield (x100) |
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