Microbiology Exam 2
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 When did the first evidence of multicellularity appear? | .5 billion years ago |
| When did the single cell stage in the evolution of life take place? | 3.5 billions years ago |
| How many years of chemical change did it take for the cell to evolve on Earth? | 1 billion years |
| What was the driving force for the step towards cells? | protecting RNA |
| What was a distinct advantage of confining organic molecules within a pre-cell? | a specific ribozyme can catalyze only a specific RNA |
| How can simple membranes be chemically produced? | subjecting a warm-water solution of amino acids to cool temperatures and mixing lipids and water. |
| When did the era of RNA occur in accordance with the era of life? | the era of RNA preceded the era of life |
| Ribozymes are _________ in their catalytic action than protein enzymes. | less specific |
| The evolution of microbial metabolism is directly linked with microbial _______. | ecology |
| Among the simpler microbes metabolic precesses involved relatively few genes that produced soluble enzymes, proteins, and _________. | three kinds of RNA |
| The first cells probably lived as _________. | heterotrophs |
| The frist cells probably obtained energy by "eating" the organics that produced _______. | ATP |
| Fermentation takes place in an ________ environment. | anoxic |
| In _______ a sugar molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. | glycolysis |
| ATP is produced from ADP by the addition of _________ to _______. | phosphate, ADP |
| In some bacterial cells ____ is changed to ______ when respiration is prevented. | pyruvic acid, lactic acid |
| In other bacteria, under oxygen-poor conditions _________ is converted to _________. | pyruvic acid, CO2, and ethanol |
| Streptococcus and Lactobacillus are two major groups of bacteria that are ___________. | fermenters |
| Nitrogen fixation is a process that makes available __________ to living organisms. | atmospheric nitrogen |
| Replenishing the atmosphere with nitrogen is accomplished through _________. | fermentation |
| On of the first metabolic pathways considered a step towards autotrophy involves the conversion of ________ to ________. | sulfate, sulfide |
| _________ is the ATP producing pathway in nearly all eukaryotes. | oxygen respiration |
| The domain of life that contain few species of microorganisms is called ________. | Eukaria |
| The Earth surface is significantly heated from ________. | radioactive decay of elements |
| Microbes that evolved a chemical machinery to withstand extreme temperatures are considered ________. | extremophiles |
| An ozone layer is characteristic of _______. | secondary atmosphere |
| The biological species concept of bacteria is based on ________ and ________ grounds. | color, shape, phenotypic, genetic, size, and shape. |
| A ____% difference in the 16S rRNA is grounds for a new species designation in bacteria. | 3 |
| __________ bacteria rely on other organisms for their sustenance, __________ bacteria are microbes that gather their own food and energy from the environment. | heterotrophs, autotrophs. |
| Chemoautotrophic bacteria provide organic molecules to this deep sea invertebrate. | tubeworms |
| Botulism toxins stops the release of ________ for muscular contraction. | acetylcholine and molecular messenger |
| The two major groups of bacterial autotrophs involve bacteria that can utilize _______ and _______ to produce energy. | organic, inorganic compounds |
| An organelle in the cell of photosynthetic eukaryotes that is the site for photosynthesis is called ________. | a plastid |
| Rhizobium is an example of a ________. | prokaryote and nitrogen fixing bacteria. |
| The quantitative measure of pathogenicity is termed ________. | virulence |
| Mucous membranes are often coated with a protective layer of _______. | glycoproteins |
| Most of the organisms living today are fundamentally similar in all but one of the following characteristics. | organelles |
| Oxygen was a _____ factor in the eventual evolution of higher metabolism. | stabilizing |
| A significant difference between the archaea and the bacteria is in the molecular composition of their _______. | cell membrane |
| Rod-shaped bacteria that are slightly bent are called _______. | vibrios |
| Small cells have a _______ surface-to-volume ration than larger cells. | higher |
| Gram-positive cell walls differ from Gram-negative cells walls in that the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria contain _______. | teichoic acids |
| Protein molecules that lie on the surface of the cell membrane are called _________. | peripheral proteins |
| The process of transmembrane movement that involves a transporter is called ______. | facilitative diffusion |
| When a cell is in a medium that has a higher concentration of solutes than there is in the cell we say that the cell is in a _______ solution. | hypertonic |
| Redox reactions transfer _________. | energy, electrons, and involve oxidation and reduction. |
| A reduced molecule ________. | has gained electrons |
| Coenzymes are _____. | organic cofactors |
| Under the ideal conditions, the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules? | 36 |
| A vegetative cell is likely to be found in which one of the following microbes? | Bacillus and Chlostridium |
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